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Biology Paper 1 > infection and response > Flashcards

infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

disease causing microorganisms

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2
Q

communicable disease

A

diseses that can spread from person to person. caused by bacteria, viruses fungi and parasites.

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3
Q

bacteria do bacteria cause disease

A

very small cells which can rapidly reproduce when inside your body. They release toxins which damage you cells and make you fell ill.

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4
Q

how do viruses cause disease?

A

they invade your cells and replicate themselves using cells machinery to make copies of themselves. they will cause cell to burst, realising all the new viruses. this cell damage makes you fell ill.

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5
Q

fungi

A

some are single celled, some have a body made up of hyphae. these hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants causing disease. The hyphae can produce spores which can be spread to other animals/ plants.

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6
Q

3 ways disease can be spread?

A
  1. water - some pathogens can be picked up by drinking or bathing in dirty water.
  2. air - pathogens can be carried in air by droplets produces when coughing or sneezing.
  3. direct contact - some pathogens picked up by touching contaminated surfaces.
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7
Q

How can you reduce spread of pathogens?

A

hygiene - hand washing and using disinfectant.
reducing contact with infected individuals.
removing vectors
vaccination

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8
Q

what is measles

A

viral disease spread by droplets. people with measles develop skin rash and fever.
can be serious or even fatal(blindness + brain damage
most people vaccinated against it when young.

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9
Q

what is HIV?

A
  • virus spread by unprotected sex or by exchanging bodily fluids such as blood.
  • virus attacks the immune system until it can no longer function properly so cannot cope with other infections.
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10
Q

How can HIV be prevented?

A

-condoms
-not sharing needles
-bottle feeding by HIV positive mothers.
-screening of blood for transfusions

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11
Q

what is TMV?

A

-virus that affects many species of plant e.g tomatoes
- causes mosaic pattern on leaves of plant. parts of plant become discoloured.
-discolouration means plant can’t carry out photosynthesis so affects growth.

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12
Q

what is rose black spot?

A

-a fungus that causes black spots to develop on leaves of rose plants. leaves turn yellow + drop off.
- this means less photosynthesis can happen so plant doesn’t grow very well.

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13
Q

how can rose black spot be treated?

A

-fungicides
-stripping plants of infected leaves and destroying them so can’t spread to other rose plants.

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14
Q

what is salmonella?

A
  • type of bacteria that causes food poisoning.
  • infected people suffer with fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.
    -symptoms caused by toxins that bacteria produce.
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15
Q

how is salmonella spread?

A

by eating food that’s been contaminated with salmonella bacteria.

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16
Q

what is gonorrhoea and how is it spread\/

A

-sexually transmitted disease
-passed by sexual contact.
-caused by bacteria
-person with it will get pain when urinating and yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis.

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17
Q

how can gonorrhoea be treated?

A
  • antibiotics, but some strains are becoming resistant to antibiotics.
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18
Q

how can gonorrhoea be prevented?

A

use barrier methods of contraception.

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19
Q

how does skin prevent pathogens entering the body?

A

-acts a physical barrier
- secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

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20
Q

how does hair and mucus prevent pathogens entering the body?

A

-in your nose, trap particles that could contain pathogens.

21
Q

how do the trachea and bronchi prevent pathogens entering body?

A
  • secrete mucus to trap pathogens.
22
Q

how does the stomach prevent pathogens entering the body?

A

produces hydrochloric acid this kills pathogens that make it that fa from the mouth

23
Q

how does phagocytois protect us from disease?

A

white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign cells and digest them.

24
Q

How do Antibodies protect body from pathogens?

A
  • Every invading pathogen has unique antigens on its surface.
  • when some types of blood cells come across a foreign antigen they produce antibodies to bind to the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells.
    -antibodies are produced for a specific type of antigen - won’t bind to others.
25
Q

How do antitoxins protect body from pathogens?

A

-counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria.

26
Q

What are vaccinations?

A
  • injects small amount of inactive pathogen into person.
    -causes your body to produce antibodies to attack pathogen (even though it is inactive so it is harmless)
    First time body is infected with pathogen antibody production will be slower and not as big concentration produced as second time pathogen enters.
    -Upon secondary infection the white blood cells can rapidly produce a greater concentration of antibodies to kill the pathogen quickly so the patient will not fell symptoms.
27
Q

What does the MMR vaccination prevent

A

Measles, mumps and rubella

28
Q

Pros of vaccines

A

Help control lots of communicable diseases, prevent epidemics if large percentage of population is vaccinated. Promotes herd immunity.

29
Q

Painkillers

A

Drugs that relieve pain. Don’t tackle actual cause of disease they just help to reduce the symptoms.

30
Q

Antibiotics

A

Kill or prevent growth of bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells.
Don’t destroy viruses.

31
Q

How does bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

-bacteria can mutate sometimes mutations cause them to become resistant to antibiotics.

32
Q

What does antibiotic resistance mean?

A
  • if you have infection some of the bacteria might be resistant to antibiotics this means that when you treat infection with antibiotics then only non resistant bacteria will be killed.
33
Q

How do you stop antibiotic resistance?

A

-avoid overuse of antibiotics
Finish whole course of antibiotics so all of the bacteria is killed, don’t stop taking them when you fell better

34
Q

Drug testing - what happens in pre-clinical trials?

A

-drugs are tested on human tissue and cells in a lab. Then tested on live animals.
-this is to test efficacy (whether the drug works and is effective)
-toxicity and to find best dosage.

35
Q

How many different animals does drug have to be tested on

A

-2 different live mammals

36
Q

First stage of clinical trials

A
  • Drug tested on group of healthy voulenteers, to make sure it doesn’t have any harmful side effects.
    -given in very low dosage
37
Q

Second stage of clinical trials

A
  • drug tested on people suffering from the illness.
    -to find optimum dose = most effective with few side effects
38
Q

What are double blind trials and why are they used?

A
  • patients randomly put in two groups, one is given the real drug one is given a placebo.
    -neither the doctors or the patients know who has the real drug or the placebo during the trial.
    -used to prevent biased and so the doctor can see the actual difference the drug makes.
39
Q

Peer review

A
  • if the drug passes the clinical trials the results of the trials and testing are not published until they have been through a peer review, this is to prevent false claims.
40
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  • mouse is injected with chosen antigen, creates lymphocytes.
    -fast dividing tumour cells from lab fused with lymphocytes.
    -this makes hybridom
    -Divided quickly to produce lots of clones that produce the monoclonal antibodies.
    -you can make monoclonal antibodies that bind to anything you want.
    -useful because they only bind to target, so you can target specific cells or chemicals in the body.
41
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A

-the bit of the stick you urinate on has some antibodies to the hormone, with blue beads attached.
- the test strip has some more antibodies to the hormone stuck onto it.
-if your pregnant;
-the hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads, urine moves up the stick carrying the blue beads and the hormone.
-the beads and the hormone bind to the antibodies on the strip.
-so the blue beads get stuck on the strip tuning it blue.

42
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat disease?

A

-different cells have different antigens on their cell surface. You can make monoclonal antibodies that will bind to specific cells in the body.
- cancer cells have antigens on their cell membrane that aren’t found on normal body cells. (Tumour markers)
- in lab you can bind these two together.
-an anti cancer drug can be attached to these monoclonal antibodies, could be toxic drug or chemical which stops cancer cells growing or dividing.
- antibodies target specific cells because they only bind to the tumour markers.
-drug kill the cancer cells but doesn’t kill normal body cells.

43
Q

Problems with monoclonal antibodies

A
  • cause more side affects than expected e.g fever and vomiting.
    -this means not as widely used as treatments as scientists originally thought they would be.
44
Q

Signs that plant has a disease

A

-stunted growth
- spots on leaves
- patches of decay
- abnormal growths
-discolouration

45
Q

How to identify plant disease

A

-looking up signs in garden manual or website.
- taking infected plant to laboratory so scientists can identify the pathogen.
- using testing kits that identify pathogen using monoclonal antibodies.

46
Q

What are plants physical defences?

A
  • leaves and stems have waxy cuticles which provides barrier to stop pathogens entering.
  • plant cells surrounded by cell walls made by cellulose.
  • plants have layer of dead cells around their stems e.g bark on tree. These act as a barrier to stop pathogens entering.
47
Q

What chemical defences do plants have?

A
  • some can produce antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria.
    -some can produce poisons which deter herbivores. E.g tobacco and foxgloves
48
Q

What mechanical defence do plant have?

A
  • some plants have thorns and hairs which stop animals from touching them and eating them.
  • other plants droop or curl when something touches them , this knocks of insects preventing them from being eaten.
    -some can mimic other organisms

Biology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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