Organisation (part 2) P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

small intestine (what happens)

A

products from digestion absorbed into bloodstream in small intestine

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2
Q

small intestine adaptations

A
  • length around 5m = large surface area for the absorption of products of digestion
  • interior has villi in
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3
Q

villi adaptations

A

villi - massively increase the surface area for the absorption of molecules

1) microvilli on surface of villi -> increase the surface area even further
2) good blood supply -> bloodstream rapidly removes products of digestion, so increases the concentration gradient
3) thin membrane -> short diffusion pathway

all these features = rapid rate of diffusion
(molecules that cannot be absorbed by diffusion use active transport)

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4
Q

fish vs human circulatory system (pros/cons)

A

fish - single circulatory system (blood less pressure as it passes through the gills before reaching organs, so blood travels to organs slowly so cannot deliver a great deal of oxygen)

humans- double circulatory system (because blood pumps through heart twice it can travel rapidly to cells and deliver oxygen quicker )

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5
Q

blood vessels in the heart + what/where they carry

A

vena cava = brings in deoxygenated blood from body (travels into right atrium)
pulmonary artery = carrys deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
pulmonary vein = carrys oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
aorta = oxygenated blood from heart to body

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6
Q

where in the heart has thicker walls + why

A

Left hand side of the heart has thicker muscular walls than the RHS because the left ventricle pumps blood around the entire body so needs to provide a greater force

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7
Q

coronary artery

A

branch out of aorta and spread out into heart muscle to provide oxygen to muscle cells of heart

oxygen is used in respiration to provide the energy for contraction

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8
Q

pacemaker (where/what/stops working?)

A

a group of cells which control the natural resting heart rate (found in the right atrium)
- if it stops working implant an artificial pacemaker which is a small electrical device and it corrects irregularities in the heart rate

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9
Q

arteries (job/adaptations)

A

= carry very high pressure blood from heart to organs in the body (carry oxygenated blood except PULMONARY ARTERY)

Adaptations:

1) thick muscular walls -> allows them to withstand the very high blood pressure
2) elastic fibre -> which stretch when a surge of blood passes through, recoils between surges which keeps blood moving

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10
Q

capillaries (job/adaptations)

A

= carry blood through the body to exchange gases and nutrients with body tissues

  • allows substances like glucose and oxygen to diffuse from blood to cells
  • carbon dioxide diffuses from cells to blood

Adaptations:

1) very thin walls -> short diffusion pathway, so substances can diffuse quicker
2) narrow -> lots can fit in the body tissues giving them a larger surface area to let gas exchange happen more easily

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11
Q

veins (job/adaptations)

A

= carry blood towards the heart ( carry deoxygenated blood EXCEPT PULMOARY VEIN)

Adaptations:

1) contain valves -> prevent the blood from flowing backwards
2) thin walls -> do not carry high blood pressure so do not need thick walls

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12
Q

Trachea feature

A

ring of cartialage -> prevents trachea from collapsing when we inhale

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13
Q

alveoli (job/adaptations)

A

= site of gaseous exchange/ where gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream

Adaptations:

1) huge surface area
2) thin walls -> quick diffusion pathway
3) good blood supply -> oxygen diffused from alveoli to blood rapidly to ensure that the concentration gradient is as steep as possible

= these adaptations mean oxygen diffused into bloodstream quickly and carbon dioxide diffuse out of blood stream quickly

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14
Q

Cross-section (inside) of a leaf (organ)

A

waxy cuticle: reduces evaporation of water , preventing leaf from drying out

upper/lower epidermis(very thin cells) : protects the surface of the leaf (upper epidermis in particular is transparent which allows light to pass through to photosynthetic cells below)

spongy mesophyll : full of air spaces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse from stomata through spongey mesophyll to palisade cells, and oxygen diffuse from palisade cells to stomata

stomata : allow co2 to enter and 02 to leave cell through diffusion + controls the amount of water vapour exiting

guard cells : As water leaves the cells, they become flaccid and less bowed, which closes the stomata between them. (open and close the stomata)

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15
Q

Meristem tissue

A
  • found at growing tips (shoots and roots)
  • contain stem cells which can differentiate into different types of plant tissue

Makes unspecialised cells that have the potential to become specialised (found in tip of roots)

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16
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporating water from surfaces of leaves (how leaves breathe)

17
Q

Transpiration Stream (process)

A

1) evaporation of water from surface of leaves
2) water vapour diffused through air spaces in spongey mesophyll and exit leaf via stomata 4
3) now, water from xylem -> leaf to replace water being lost
4) water drawn into root hair cells and up xylem cell vessel to leaf

18
Q

Transpiration Stream importance

A

1) brings water to leaf for photosynthesis
2) transports dissolved minerals like magnesium used for chlorophyll
3) evaporation of water from leaf cools down leaf

19
Q

Factors effecting Transpiration

A

1) temp -> greater at higher temps as evaporation is faster when temps are higher
2) dry conditions -> greater when air isn’t humid as evaporation is quicker in dry conditions
3) windy conditions -> greater when windy as wind removes any water vapor allowing more water to evaporate
4) light -> greater at higher light intensity as increases the rate of photosynthesis (stomata open to allow xo2 to enter when they’re open allows water vapor to pass out of leaf)

20
Q

Stomata + guard cells

A

high light intensity (daytime) -> guard cells swell and change their shape to open stomata = co2 can diffuse into leaf for photosynthesis + water vapor can exit leaf

hot conditions -> plant closes stomata to reduce water loss by transpiration (but plant cannot photosynthesise)

21
Q

Translocation

A

movement of sugars and other molecules through phloem tissue

22
Q

Food Test RP

A

carbs (starch) —> place food into spotting tile and cover with iodine (orange to black)

protein —> place food into test tube and drop in biuret solution (blue to purple)

fats (lipids) —> place food into test tube and add in ethanol and water (clear + colourless -> cloudy white)

sugar —> place food into tube add benedicts solution and place into a warm water bath ( blue to green to orange to red) red being a lot of sugar/blue being none

23
Q

Xylem and adaptations

A

Xylem - transpiration

  • movement of water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves
  • found in plant stem
  • dissolved minerals = magnesium (chlorophyll)

ADAPTATIONS:

  1. very thick walls containing lignin -> provides support HOWEVER sealed with lignin so caused cell to die
  2. no end walls -> forms one long hollow tube which allows water to flow easily
24
Q

Phloem and adaptations

A

Phloem - translocation
-movement of sugars to rest of plant via phloem cells for photosynthesis (alive)
- move up and down
= sugar used for a product of photosynthesis / respiration

ADAPTATIONS:

1) pores -> allow for cell sap (water and sugar) to pass through
- used for
a) used immediately as glucose in respiration
b) stored as starch

25
Q

left and right valve names

A

right valve : tricuspid valve
left valve: bicuspid valve

(try before you buy)
remember left is right and right is left

26
Q

breathing in

A
  • external intercoastal muscles contract
  • ribcage moves up and out
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • volume of thorax (chess cavity) increases
  • pressure of thorax decreases
  • air is drawn in
27
Q

breathing out

A
  • external intercoastal muscles relax
  • ribcage moves down and in
  • diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome-shaped
  • volume of thorax decreases
  • pressure inside thorax increases
  • air is forced out
28
Q

adaptations for gas exchange (lungs)

A

1) large surface area to allow faster diffusion of gases across the surface
2) thin walls for a short diffusion pathway
3) large capillary network to maintain a high concentration gradient so diffusion occurs faster
4) good ventilation with air so diffusion gradient can be maintained