Infection and Response P1

Question 1

Clinical Testing

Answer 1

• healthy volunteer

- dosage

Question 2

Anti-toxins

Answer 2

Neutralise toxins produced by pathogens

Question 3

Herd Immunity

Answer 3

90% of population being vaccinated to stop spread of disease

—> leads to eradication of diseases

Question 4

Steps of how bacteria become antibiotic resistant

Answer 4

1) when you do not compete your medication, some bacteria will randomly mutate
2) bacteria with mutations are antibiotic resistant, these will survive whilst the non-antibiotic resistant bacteria will die (natural selection)
3) resistant bacteria reproduce rapidly (no comp)
4) reproduce genetically identical copies that are also antibiotic resistant

Question 5

3 main criteria of drug testing

Answer 5

dosage
efficacy
toxicity

Question 6

Fungi - how they make us ill

Answer 6

• Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that each have bodies made up of hyphae
• The hyphae is able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or surfaces of plants
• The hyphae produces spores, which spread to other plants and animals

Question 7

Viruses - how they make us ill

Answer 7

• Invade host cells
• Virus particles inserts own DNA in host cell, then copied and used to make more viruses
• Once new viruses have been synthesised (made) causes cell to burst releasing viruses to invade cells
• Cell damage is what makes us feel ill

Question 8

Vector

Answer 8

An organism that carries pathogens without being infected

Question 9

Antigens

Answer 9

Proteins on the cells surfaces that identify cells as ‘foreign’

Question 10

Non-specific defences

Answer 10

mucus; produced in respiratory system and traps particles and bacteria entering airways.
tears; enzymes that destroy pathogens that make contact with our eye.
skin; waterproof barrier that pathogens cannot pass through (sebum) + scabs over
stomach acid; glands in stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid which destroys pathogens entering stomach.

Question 11

Preclinical Testing

Answer 11

• animals

tested for efficacy and toxicity

Question 12

Double-blind trial

Answer 12

A clinical trial where neither the patient nor doctor know if the placebo has been given.

Question 13

Common uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 13

• pregnancy test (dye, blue lines)
• treating diseases
• identifying chemicals in the blood

Question 14

Pathogen

Answer 14

-A microorganism that can cause disease

virus, fungi, protist, bacteria

Question 15

Tumour Cells (myeloma)

Answer 15

Divide rapidly but don’t produce antibodies

Question 16

Hybridoma Cells

Answer 16

Produce the right antibodies and divide rapidly

—-> combination of a plasma and tumour cells

Question 17

difference between antibodies, antitoxins and antigens

Answer 17

antibodies = A protective protein produced by the immune system in response to a foreign substance (they latch onto antibodies in order to remove them).
antigens = Proteins on the cells surfaces that identify cells as 'foreign'
antitoxins = Neutralise toxins produced by pathogens

Question 18

Lymphocyte?

Answer 18

White blood cell

Question 19

Side effects of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 19

low blood pressure
vomiting
fever

Question 20

Pregnancy tests (MA) (positive)

Answer 20

1) women urinates on stick, urine passes through reaction zone
2) pregnant women produced the pregnancy hormone HCG
3) HCG binds to the first HCG antibody in results zone (mobile)
4) Antibodies which do not attach to HCG bind to antibodies in control zone (immobile)
5) Blue due appears in both control and results zone (positive)

Question 21

Treating disease using MA

Answer 21

• monoclonal antibodies can be produced to bind to target cells (e.g cancer cells)
• we can attach anti-cancer drugs to the MA so when they bind to cancer cells, they deliver drugs directly to the tumours
• this is an effective cancer treatment as antibodies cannot bind or damage normal human body cells (as they will not have the complementary antigens)

Question 22

Identifying chemical in the blood (MA)

Answer 22

• since MA are specific to one antigen,they can be designed to identify specific chemical in the blood
  E.G they can…
  1) Identify the levels of hormones in blood
  2) Be used to test blood samples for pathogens, such as HIV
  3) Identify particular molecules in a tissue or cell by binding to them with a fluorescent dye. Areas in bod with a lot of molecules can be highlighted using the dye.

Question 23

What is the name given to the clinical trial where neither the patient nor the doctor know if a placebo has been given?

Answer 23

double-blind trial

Question 24

Examples of diseases by viruses

Answer 24

measles
HIV
TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)

Question 25

Example of diseases by fungi

Answer 25

rose black spot

Question 26

Examples of protist diseases

Answer 26

malaria

Question 27

Examples of disease by bacteria

Answer 27

gonorrhoea

salmonella

Question 28

Symptoms of deficiency and uses of nitrates in plants

Answer 28

uses: production of amino acids for proteins
symptoms: stunted growth, upper leaves pale green, lower leaves yellow/dead

Question 29

Symptoms of deficiency and uses of magnesium in plants

Answer 29

uses: synthesis of chlorophyll (chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis)
symptoms: yellowing leaves due to less chlorophyll and stunted growth

Question 30

Symptoms of deficency and uses of potassium in plants

Answer 30

uses: production of flower and fruits
symptoms: poor growth of fruits/flowers, yellow leaves and dead spots