Organisation of the Organism Flashcards
Animal Cells Features:
Multicellular with distinct nuclei.
Lack cellulose cell walls and chloroplasts.
Feed on organic substances, often storing glycogen.
Exhibit nervous coordination and are capable of movement.
Animal Cell Structures Shared with Plants:
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria.
Plant Cells Features:
Multicellular organisms with distinct nuclei.
Have cellulose cell walls and chloroplasts, enabling photosynthesis.
Feed by photosynthesis and store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose.
Lack nervous coordination.
Cell Structures Unique to Plants:
Cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole.
Common Characteristics of Bacteria Cells
Microscopic, single-celled organisms with diverse shapes and sizes.
Possess cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
Lack a true nucleus but have a circular chromosome of DNA.
Plasmids may be present, and they lack mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Some may have flagella for movement.
Examples of bacteria
Examples of bacteria include Lactobacillus & Pneumococcus
Common Cell Structures: Nucleus
contains the genetic material (DNA) which controls the activities of the cell
Common Cell Structures: Cytoplasm
a gel-like substance composed of water and dissolved solutes. Supports internal cell structures.
Site of many chemical reactions, including anaerobic respiration
Common Cell Structures: cell membrane
Holds the cell together, separating the inside of the cell from the outside.
Controls which substance can enter and leave the cell.
Common Cell Structures: ribosomes
found in the cytoplasm. Site of protein synthesis.
Common Cell Structures: Mitochondria
Site most of the reactions involved in aerobic respiration, where energy is released to fuel cellular processes. Cells with high rates of metabolism (carrying out many different cell reactions) have significantly higher numbers of mitochondria than cells with fewer reactions taking place.
Cell Structures Found Only in Plant Cells Table: Cell Wall
made of cellulose (a polymer of glucose). Gives the cell extra support, defining its shape.
Cell Structures Found Only in Plant Cells Table: Chloroplasts
contains green chlorophyll pigments (to absorb light energy) and the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.
Cell Structures Found Only in Plant Cells Table: A permanent vacuole
contains cell sap: a solution of sugars and salts dissolved in water. Used for storage of certain materials. Also helps support the shape of the cell.
Mitochondria
(singular: mitochondrion) are organelles found throughout the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
are tiny structures that can be free within the cytoplasm or attached to a system of membranes within the cell known as Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum
studded with ribosomes looks rough under the microscope; this gives rise to its name of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (often shortened to R.E.R.)
Vesicles
can also be seen using a higher magnification - these are small circular structures found moving throughout the cytoplasm.
Producing New Cells/Cell division
- The cells in your body need to be able to divide to help your body grow and repair itself
- Cells grow and divide over and over again
- New cells are produced by the division of existing cells
Specialised cells in animals
- Specialised cells are those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions. These differences are controlled by genes in the nucleus
- Cells specialise by undergoing differentiation: this is a process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to be able to carry out their functions
Specialised Cell: ciliated cell
Function: Movement of mucus in trachea and bronchi.
Adaptations: Cilia extensions on the surface for moving mucus.
Specialised cell: Nerve Cell
Function: Conduction of impulses.
Adaptations: Long with extensions and branches for communication.
Specialised cell: Red Blood Cell
Function: Transport of oxygen.
Adaptations: Biconcave shape increases surface area for efficient diffusion.
Contains hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
Specialised Cell: Sperm Cell
Function: Reproduction.
Adaptations: Haploid nucleus, acrosome with enzymes, mitochondria-packed mid-piece, tail for swimming.
Specialised cell: Egg Cell (Ovum)
Function: Reproduction.
Adaptations: Abundant cytoplasm with nutrients, haploid nucleus.
Specialised Cells in Plants: Root Hair Cell
Function: Absorption of water and minerals.
Adaptations: Increased surface area with root hairs.
Specialised Cells in Plants: Xylem Vessel
Function: Conduction of water, plant support.
Adaptations: No top and bottom walls, thickened with lignin.
Specialised Cells in Plants: Palisade Mesophyll Cell
Function: Photosynthesis.
Adaptations: Column-shaped for sunlight absorption, chloroplast-rich.
Levels of organisation in an organism: Cells
basic functional and structural units in a living organism
Levels of organisation in an organism: Tissues
groups of cells of similar structure working together to perform the same function.
Levels of organisation in an organism: Organs
made from different tissues working together to perform specific functions.
Levels of organisation in an organism: Organ systems
groups of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.
Organs and Tissue examples of Organ systems: Shoot system
Organs: LEAF, STEM, FLOWER, FRUIT
Tissue examples: EPIDERMIS,
MESOPHYLL,
XYLEM, PHLOEM
Organs and Tissue examples of Organ systems: Root system
Organs: ROOT, TUBER
Tissue examples: XYLEM, PHLOEM, GROUND TISSUE
Organs and Tissue examples of Organ systems: Digestive system
Organs: OESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE
Tissue examples: MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE, NERVE, EPITHELIAL
Organs and Tissue examples of Organ systems: Circulatory system
Organs: HEART, VEINS, ARTERIES
Tissue examples: MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE, NERVE, EPITHELIAL
Organs and Tissue examples of Organ systems: Immune system
Organs: THYMUS, SPLEEN
Tissue example: BONE MARROW
Organs and Tissue examples of Organ systems: Respiratory system
Organs: TRACHEA, BRONCHI, LUNGS
Tissue examples: CONNECTIVE, MUSCLE, EPITHELIAL
Organs and Tissue examples of Organ systems: Excretory system
Organs: LIVER, KIDNEY, SKIN, LUNGS
Tissue examples: MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE, EPITHELIAL, NERVE
Organs and Tissue examples of Organ systems: Nervous system
Organs: BRAIN, SPINAL CORD
Tissue example: NERVE
Organs and Tissue examples of Organ systems: Reproductive system
Organs: OVARY, CERVIX, UTERUS, VAGINA, TESTES, PENIS
Tissue example: MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE, NERVOUS, ERECTILE
Magnification Formula
Calculating magnification and specimen size using millimetres as units
* Magnification is calculated using the following equation:
Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size
* A better way to remember the equation is using an equation triangle
I.A.M
Converting Between Units
Using millimetres and micrometres as units
of measure
What this basically means is that 1mm = 1000µm and 1cm = 10,000µm
