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Anatomy > Organisation Of The Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Organisation Of The Nervous System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system include?

A

All neural tissue in the body

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2
Q

Neural tissue contains two kinds of cells, what are they?

A
  1. neurons

2. neuroglia (glial cells)

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3
Q

What are neurons?

A

Cells that send and receive signals

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4
Q

What are neuroglia (glial cells)?

A

Cells that support and protect neurons

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5
Q

What are the organs of the nervous system?

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • sensory receptors of sense organs (eyes,ears etc)
  • nerves connect nervous system with other systems
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6
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

A
  • directs immediate responses to stimuli
  • coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
  • provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
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7
Q

What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. central nervous system(CNS)

2. peripheral nervous system(PNS)

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8
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Consists of the spinal cord and brain and contains neural tissue, connective tissues and blood vessels

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9
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A

All me aural tissue outside the CNS

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10
Q

What are the three functions of the CNS?

A
  • sensory data from inside and outside body
  • motor commands control activities of peripheral organs (e.g, skeletal muscles)
  • higher functions of brain:intelligence, memory, learning and emotion
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11
Q

What are the two primary functions of the brain?

A
  • perform complex integrative functions

- controls both voluntary and autonomic activities

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12
Q

What are the three primary functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • relays information to and from the brain
  • performs less-complex integrative functions
  • direct many simple involuntary activities
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13
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes all?

A

Neural tissue outside the CNS

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14
Q

What are the two functions of the PNS?

A
  • deliver sensory information to the CNS

- carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

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15
Q

What is another name for nerves?

A

Peripheral nerves

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16
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels

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17
Q

What do nerves do?

A

Carry sensory information and motor commands in the PNS

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18
Q

What do cranial nerves connect to?

A

The brain

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19
Q

What do spinal nerves attach to?

A

Spinal cord

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20
Q

What are the three functional divisions of the PNS?

A

Afferent division, receptors and efferent division

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21
Q

What does the afferent division do?

A

Carries sensory information from the PNS sensory receptors to CNS

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22
Q

What are receptors and what do they do?

A
  • detect changes or respond to stimuli
  • neurons and specialised cells
  • complex sensory organs(e.g.,eyes,ears)
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23
Q

What does the efferent division do?

A
  • carries motor command from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

- these target organs, which respond by doing something,are called effectors

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24
Q

What do effectors do?

A
  • respond to efferent signals

- cells and organs

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25
Q

What makes up the efferent division?

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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26
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Controls voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) skeletal muscle contractions

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27
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A
  • controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glandular secretions
  • sympathetic division has a stimulating effect
  • parasympathetic division has a relaxing effect
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28
Q

What do the special sensory receptors do?

A

Monitor smell,taste,vision,balance and hearing

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29
Q

What do the visceral sensory receptors do?

A

Monitor internal organs

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30
Q

What do the somatic sensory receptors do?

A

Monitor skeletal muscles,joints and skin surface

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31
Q

What are neurons?

A

The basic functional units of the nervous system

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32
Q

Describe the structure of neurons

A 
The multipolar neuron
Common in the CNS
Cell body (soma)
Short, branched dendrites
Long,single axon
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33
Q

What is the cell body made up of?

A

Large nucleus and nucleolus
Perikaryon (cytoplasm), surrounding the nucleus
Mitochondria (produce energy)
RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and ribosomes (produce neurotransmitters)

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34
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Highly branched

Dendritic spines: many fine processes, receive information from other neurons and 80-90 percent of neuron surface area

35
Q

Describe the axon

A

Long
Carries electrical signal (action potential) to target
Axon structure is critical to function

36
Q

What is ten synapse?

A

Area where a neuron communicates with another cell

37
Q

What are the two cells every synapse involved?

A
  1. Pre synaptic cell: neuron that sends message

2. postsynaptic cell: cell that receives message

38
Q

The communication between cells at a synapse most commonly involves the release of chemicals called?

A

Neurotransmitters by the synaptic terminal

39
Q

Discuss neurotransmitters

A 
Are chemical messengers
Are released at presynaptic membrane
Affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane
Are broken down by enzymes
Are reassembled at axon terminal
40
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Neuromuscular junction and neuroglandular junction

41
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between neuron and muscle

42
Q

What is the neuroglandular junction

A

Synapse between neuron and gland

43
Q

What are the four structural classifications of neurons?

A

Anaxonic neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
Multipolar neurons

44
Q

Where are anaxonic neurons found?

A

In brain and sense organs

45
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

In special sensory organs (sight,smell and hearing)

46
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

In sensory neurons of PNS

47
Q

Where are multipolar neurons found?

A

Common in CNS

Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons

48
Q

Anaxonic neurons are?

A

Small
All cell process look alike
Found in brain and sense organs
Have more than two processes and they are all dendrites

49
Q

Bipolar neurons are?

A

Small
One dendrite, one axon
Found in special sensory organs (sight, smell, hearing)
Have two processes separated by the cell body

50
Q

Unipolar neurons are?

A 
Also called pseudounipolar neurons
Have very long axons
Fused dendrites and axon
Cell body to one side
Found in sensory neurons of PNS
51
Q

Multipolar neurons are?

A

Have very long axons
Multiple dendrites, one axon
Common in the CNS
Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons

52
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons : afferent neurons of PNS
Motor neurons:efferent neurons of PNS
Interneurons: association neurons

53
Q

What is ten function of sensory neurons?

A

Deliver information from sensory receptors to CNS

54
Q

What are the three types of sensory receptors?

A

Interoceptors
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors

55
Q

What is the function of interoreceptors?

A

Monitor internal systems (digestive,respiratory,cardiovascular,urinary,reproductive)

Internal senses(taste,deep pressure, pain)

56
Q

What is the function of exteroreceptors?

A

External senses (touch, temperature,pressure)

Distance senses (sight,smell and hearing)

57
Q

What is the function of proprioreceptors?

A

Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)

58
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors via efferent fibres (axons)

59
Q

What are the two major efferent systems?

A

Somatic nervous system SNS

Autonomic nervous system ans

60
Q

What does the somatic nervous system involve?

A

Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

61
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system involve?

A

Visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors

Smooth muscle,cardiac muscle,glands, andipose tissue

62
Q

Where are inter neurons located?

A

Most are located in the brain,spinal cord and autonomic ganglia between sensory and motor neurons

63
Q

What are interneurons responsible for?

A

Distribution of sensory information
Coordination of motor activity
Are involve in higher functions such as memory,planning and learning

64
Q

Neurologia is?

A

Half the volume of the nervous system

Many types of neurologia in CNS and PNS

65
Q

What are the four types of neurologia in the CNS

A

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Micrologia

66
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Cells with highly branched processes;contact neuroglia directly

67
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Large cell bodies with many processes

68
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Smaller cell bodies with fewer processes

69
Q

What are micrologia?

A

Smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine branched processes

70
Q

The cell bodies of neurons in the PNS are clustered in?

A

Masses called ganglia surrounded by neuroglia found in the PNS

71
Q

What are the two types of neuroglia in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

72
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Also called amphicytes
Surround ganglia
Regulate environment around neuron

73
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Also called neurilemma cells
Form myelin sheath (neurilemma) around peripheral axons
One Schwann cell sheaths one segment of axon
Many Schwann cells sheath entire axon

74
Q

Neurons perform?

A

All communication, information processing and control functions of the nervous system

75
Q

Neuroglia preserve?

A

Physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue

76
Q

Neuroglia are essential to

A

Survival and function of neurons

77
Q

Two anatomical divisions of the nervous system are?

A

The CNS and the PNS

78
Q

Two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system and their primary functions are?

A

The afferent division which brings sensory info to the CNS from receptors in the peripheral tissues and organs and the efferent division which carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles glands and andipose tissue

79
Q

Two components of the efferent division of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

80
Q

What would the effect of damage to the afferent division of the PNS be?

A

Would interfere with a persons ability to experience a variety of sensory stimuli

81
Q

The structural components of a typical neuron are?

A 
Cell body or soma
Dendrites
An axon
Telodendria
Nissl bodies
Neurofilaments
Intermediate neurotubules
Neurofibrils
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Initial segment
Axon hillock
Collaterals
82
Q

Classify neurons according to their structure

A

According to function neurons are classified as sensory neurons motor neurons and interneurons

83
Q

Are unipolar neurons in a tissue sample more likely to function as sensory neurons or motor neurons?

A

Because most sensory neurons of the PNS are unipolar, these neurons most likely function as sensory neurons

Anatomy (8 decks)

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