Organisation of the human body Flashcards
Six levels of structural organisation
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal
Integumentary system
Skin and its associated components
Epidermis - protection (covers surfaces, outermost layer), vitamin b production
Dermis - nutritional component, provides strength, resident area of hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, nails
Hypodermis - fat stores, attatches skin to deeper layers
Skeletomuscular system
Skeletal muscles - skeletal movement, controls entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems
Axial muscles - provide support and positioning of axial skeleton
Appendicular muscles - support, move and brace limbs
Tendons and aponeuroses - translate contractile force into tasks
- tendons - muscle to bone
- aponeurose - muscle to muscle
Skeletal system
- bone, cartilage (bone interfaces) and joints
- bone stores minerals
- bone marrows: red - RBC production (flat bones), lost with ageing, yellow - fat cell stores, gain with ageing, yellow becomes red after major bleeding
Axial skeleton - protection and supports body weight over lower limbs
Appendicular skeleton - limb bones, supporting cartilage and ligaments (bone to bone), internal support and positioning of external limbs, enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
Nervous system
CNS - control centre, short term control over other systems
Brain - complex integrative activities, voluntary and involuntary response
Spinal cord - relays information to and from brain, reflex arc
PNS - links CNS with other systems and sense organs
Special senses - part of PNS except optic nerve, sensory input to brain regarding senses and equilbrium
Endocrine system
Pineal gland - day and night rhythms
Pituitary gland (hypothalamus) - controls other endocrine glands, regulates growth, fluid balance and calcium levels
Thyroid gland - metabolic rates and calcium levels
Parathyroid gland - calcium levels
Thymus - maturation of lymphocytes
Adrenal glands - water and mineral balance, tissue metabolism (cortisol), cardio and respiratory function (adrenaline)
Kidneys - RBC production, blood pressure increase, calcium levels, has major hormone producing cells
Pancreas - glucose control
Gonads - sexual characteristics and reproduction (testes and ovaries)
Growth hormone
- relates to endocrine system
- made in pituitary gland, causes release of IGF hormone which influences bone, muscle and skin
- too much as a child: gigantism
- too much as an adult: acromegaly (thickening of features)
Lymphatic and immune system
Lymphatic vessels - carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissue to veins of cardiovascular system
Lymphatic fluid - lipids fro gut and fluid from tissue
B and T cells
Lymph nodes including tonsils - monitor lymph composition, defence (engulfing pathogens and stimulating immune response)
Spleen - monitor blood cell circulation, recycle RBCs, engulf pathogens and produce immune responses
Thymus -development and maturation of lymphocytes
Cardiovascular system
Heart - propels blood and maintains blood pressure
Blood vessels
-arteries - heart to capillaries
-veins - capillaries to heart
-capillaries - diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
Blood - transport of oxygen and CO2, nutrients and hormones, waste removal , temperature regulation, defence against illness, acid base balance (HCO3)
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses - filter warm, humidify and detect smells
Pharynx - conduct air to larynx
Larynx - protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords
Trachea - conducts air, cartilage keeps open
Bronchi - conducts air between trachea and lungs
Lungs - air movement, gas exchange, acid base control
Digestive system
Oral cavity - breaks up food
Salivary glands - buffers and lubricant, enzymes that begin digestion
Pharynx - solid food and liquids to the oesophagus, chamber shared with resp system
Oesophagus - delivers food to stomach
Stomach - secretes acid, enzymes and hormones
Small intestine - digestive enzymes, buffers and hormones, absorbs nutrients
Liver - secretes bile, regulates nutrients in blood
Pancreas - digestive enzymes, budders and endocrine cells
Large intestines and anus - water removal, waste storage and removal
Gallbladder - concentrate bile
Parastalsis - regular contraction of small intestine
Urinary system
Kidneys - forms and concentrates urine, regulates pH, ions, blood volume and pressurce, endocrine function
Uterus - conducts urine to bladder
Bladder - stores urine prior to elimination
Urethra - conducts rune to exterior
EPO - erythroprotein - glycoprotein hormone produced in the interstitial fibroblasts in kidney, signals for erythropoiesis in bone marrow
Male reproductive system
Testes - produces sperm and hormones
External genitalia - scrotum, penis - reproduction and thermal control (testes)
Epididymis - sperm maturation
Ductus deferens - sperm from epididymis to urethra
Seminal and prostate glands - seminal fluid
Urethra - sperm to exterior
Female reproductive system
Ovaries - oocytes and hormones
Uterine tubes - deliver oocyte, location of fertilisation
Uterus - embryonic development
Vagina and external genitalia - lubrication, sperm reception and birth canal
Mammary glands - nutrition for born (also integumentary system as modified sweat gland)
