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the body and its constituents ap txt > Organisation of the body > Flashcards

Organisation of the body Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two parts of the skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum (breastbone
Ribs

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3
Q

The skull is described In two parts…

A

The cranium

The face

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4
Q

What does the cranium contain?

A

The brain

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5
Q

True or false: The several bones of the skull fuse together as they mature?

A

True

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6
Q

What is the only moveable bone in the skull?

A

Mandible/lower jaw

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7
Q

What are the functions of the skull?

A

Protection of delicate structures
Maintenance of patency of the nasal passages
Eating, enabled by the teeth

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8
Q

What delicate structures does the skull protect?

A

Brain
Eyes
Inner ear

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9
Q

What does the maintenance of patency of the nasal passages enable?

A

Breathing

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10
Q

Where in the skull are the teeth embedded?

A

The mandible and the maxilla

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11
Q

The movement of what allows for chewing?

A

The mandible

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12
Q

What does the vertebral column consist of?

A

24 moveable bones (vertebrae)
Sacrum
Coccyx

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13
Q

What separates the bones of the vertebral column?

A

Intervertebral discs

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14
Q

What do intervertebral discs consist of?

A

Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

How many parts is the vertebral column often divided into?

A

Five

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16
Q

Name the 5 sections of the vertebral column?

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
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17
Q

How many bones does the cervical region of the vertebral column consist of?

A

7

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18
Q

How many bones does the thoracic region of the vertebral column consist of?

A

12

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19
Q

How many bones does the lumbar region of the vertebral column consist of?

A

5

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20
Q

How many bones does the sacrum region of the vertebral column consist of?

A

1 (5 fused bones)

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21
Q

How many bones does the coccyx region of the vertebral column consist of?

A

1 (4 fused bones)

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22
Q

What is the first cervical vertebra called?

A

The atlas

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23
Q

True or false: The atlas is not directly jointed to the skull

A

False

The atlas forms a joint (articulates) with the skull

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24
Q

How are the vertebrae in the vertebral column connected?

A

Joints, each vertebra forms a joint with the vertebrae directly above and below

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25
Q

Which regions of the vertebral column allow for more movement compared to the thoracic region?

A

The cervical and lumbar regions

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26
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

Five vertebrae fused into one bone

Articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra, the coccyx below and an innominate (pelvic or hip) bone at each side

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27
Q

Define articulate

A

Form a joint

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28
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Four terminal vertebrae fused into one small triangular bone that articulates with the sacrum above

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29
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

Protects the spinal cord
Protect the spinal nerves
Allow the movement of the ribcage during respiration

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30
Q

How does the vertebral column protect the spinal cord?

A

In each vertebra there is a hole, the vertebral foramen; collectively, the foramina form a canal in which the spinal cord lies

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31
Q

How does the vertebral column protect the spinal nerves?

A

Adjacent vertebrae form openings (intervertebral foramina), which protect the spinal nerves as they pass from the spinal cord

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32
Q

How does the vertebral column allow for the movement of the ribcage during respiration?

A

In the thoracic region the ribs articulate with the vertebrae, forming joints that allow the movement of the ribcage

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33
Q

What is the thoracic region comprised of?

A

12 thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs
1 sternum or breast bone

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34
Q

What are the functions of the thoracic cage?

A

Protects the contents of the thorax
Forms joints between the upper limbs and the axial skeleton
Gives attachment to the muscles of respiration
Enables breathing to take place

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35
Q

What is contained within the thorax?

A

The heart
The lungs
Large blood vessels

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36
Q

How are the axial skeleton and the upper limbs connected?

A

The upper part of the sternum (manubrium) articulates with the clavicles, forming the only joints between the upper limbs and the axial skeleton

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37
Q

Name the muscles of respiration

A

Intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

38
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles found?

A

Between the ribs

39
Q

What effect do the intercostal muscles on inspiration?

A

When they contract, the ribs move upwards and outwards, increasing the capacity of the thoracic cage and inspiration occurs

40
Q

Describe the shape of the diaphragm?

A

Dome shaped

41
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

The thoracic and abdominal cavities

42
Q

What effect does the contraction of the diaphragm have?

A

Contraction causes it to flatten

Increases the volume of the thoracic cage, assisting with inspiration

43
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Shoulder girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs

44
Q

What does each shoulder girdle consist of?

A

A clavicle and a scapula

45
Q

What is each upper limb comprised of?

A 
1 humerus
1 radius
1 ulna
8 carpal bones
5 metacarpal bones
14 phalanges
46
Q

What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?

A

Two innominate bones and the sacrum

47
Q

What does each lower limb consist of?

A 
1 femur
1 tibia
1 fibula
1 patella
7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsal bones
14 phalanges
48
Q

What are the main functions of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Voluntary movement

Protection of blood vessels and nerves

49
Q

What is involved in the movement of the skeleton?

A

The bones, muscles and joints of the limbs

50
Q

How are blood vessels and nerves protected by the appendicular skeleton?

A

Protected from injury by the associated muscles and skin

51
Q

Where are blood vessels and nerves most vulnerable?

A

Where they cross joints

Where bones can be felt immediately below the skin

52
Q

What protects/contains the body’s organs?

A

Body cavities

53
Q

How many body cavities are there?

A

4

54
Q

Name the four body cavities?

A

Cranial cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

55
Q

What does the cranial cavity contain?

A

The brain

56
Q

What are the boundaries of the cranial cavity formed by?

A

The bones of the skull

57
Q

What bone(s) set the anterior boundaries of the cranial cavity?

A

1 frontal bone

58
Q

What bone(s) set the lateral boundaries of the cranial cavity?

A

2 temporal bones

59
Q

What bone(s) set the posterior boundaries of the cranial cavity?

A

1 occipital bone

60
Q

What bone(s) set the superior boundaries of the cranial cavity?

A

2 parietal bones

61
Q

What bone(s) set the inferior boundaries of the cranial cavity?

A

1 sphenoid bone
1 ethmoid bone
Parts of the frontal, temporal and occipital bones

62
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity situated?

A

Upper part of the trunk

63
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity formed by?

A

The thoracic cage and supportive muscles

64
Q

What sets the anterior boundaries in the thoracic cavity?

A

The sternum

The costal cartilages of the ribs

65
Q

What sets the lateral boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

12 pairs of ribs

The intercostal muscles

66
Q

What sets the posterior boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

The thoracic vertebrae

67
Q

What sets the superior boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

The structures forming the root of the neck

68
Q

What sets the inferior boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle

69
Q

What are the contents of the thoracic cavity?

A 
The trachea, 2 bronchi, 2 lungs
The heart, aorta, superior and inferior vena cavae, numerous other blood vessels
The oesophagus
Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
Some important nerves
70
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The space between the lungs

Includes the structures found there, such as the heart, oesophagus and blood vessels

71
Q

The largest body cavity is…

A

The abdominal cavity

72
Q

What is the shape of the abdominal cavity?

A

Oval

73
Q

What does the abdominal cavity occupy most of?

A

The trunk

74
Q

What are the superior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

The diaphragm - separates it from the thoracic cavity

75
Q

What are the anterior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

The muscles forming the anterior abdominal wall

76
Q

What are the posterior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

The lumbar vertebrae and muscles forming the posterior abdominal wall

77
Q

What are the lateral boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

The lower ribs and parts of the muscles of the abdominal wall

78
Q

What are the inferior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

Continuous with the pelvic cavity

79
Q

How many regions is the abdominal cavity divided into?

A

Nine regions

80
Q

What is most of the abdominal cavity occupied by?

A

Organs and glands of the digestive system

81
Q

What are the contents of the abdominal cavity?

A

The stomach, small intestine and most of the large intestine
The liver, gall bladder, bile ducts and pancreas
The spleen
2 kidneys and the upper part of the uterus
2 adrenal (suprarenal) glands
Numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
Lymph nodes

82
Q

Name the regions of the abdominal cavity?

From top right to bottom left

A 
Right hypochondrium
Epigastric region
Left hypochondrium
Right flank
Umbilical region
Left flank
Right iliac fossa (groin)
Hypogastric region
Left iliac fossa (groin)
83
Q

What is the shape of the pelvic cavity?

A

Roughly funnel shaped

84
Q

Where does the pelvic cavity extend to?

A

The lower end of the abdominal cavity

85
Q

What are the superior boundaries of the pelvic cavity?

A

It is continuous with the abdominal cavity

86
Q

What are the anterior boundaries of the pelvic cavity?

A

The pubic bones

87
Q

What are the posterior boundaries of the pelvic cavity?

A

The sacrum and the coccyx

88
Q

What are the lateral boundaries of the pelvic cavity?

A

The innominate bones

89
Q

What are the Inferior boundaries of the pelvic cavity?

A

The muscles of the pelvic floor

90
Q

What are the contents of the pelvic cavity?

A

Sigmoid colon, rectum and anus
Some loops of the small intestine
Urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureters and the urethra
The organs of the reproductive system

91
Q

What are the female specific contents of the pelvic cavity?

A

the uterus
uterine tubes
ovaries
vagina

92
Q

What are the male specific contents of the pelvic cavity?

A 
the prostate gland
seminal vesicles
spermatic cords
deferent ducts (vasa deferentia)
ejaculatory ducts
urethra (common to the reproductive and urinary systems)

the body and its constituents ap txt (17 decks)

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