Organisation of the body Flashcards
Name the two parts of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum (breastbone
Ribs
The skull is described In two parts…
The cranium
The face
What does the cranium contain?
The brain
True or false: The several bones of the skull fuse together as they mature?
True
What is the only moveable bone in the skull?
Mandible/lower jaw
What are the functions of the skull?
Protection of delicate structures
Maintenance of patency of the nasal passages
Eating, enabled by the teeth
What delicate structures does the skull protect?
Brain
Eyes
Inner ear
What does the maintenance of patency of the nasal passages enable?
Breathing
Where in the skull are the teeth embedded?
The mandible and the maxilla
The movement of what allows for chewing?
The mandible
What does the vertebral column consist of?
24 moveable bones (vertebrae)
Sacrum
Coccyx
What separates the bones of the vertebral column?
Intervertebral discs
What do intervertebral discs consist of?
Fibrocartilage
How many parts is the vertebral column often divided into?
Five
Name the 5 sections of the vertebral column?
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
How many bones does the cervical region of the vertebral column consist of?
7
How many bones does the thoracic region of the vertebral column consist of?
12
How many bones does the lumbar region of the vertebral column consist of?
5
How many bones does the sacrum region of the vertebral column consist of?
1 (5 fused bones)
How many bones does the coccyx region of the vertebral column consist of?
1 (4 fused bones)
What is the first cervical vertebra called?
The atlas
True or false: The atlas is not directly jointed to the skull
False
The atlas forms a joint (articulates) with the skull
How are the vertebrae in the vertebral column connected?
Joints, each vertebra forms a joint with the vertebrae directly above and below
Which regions of the vertebral column allow for more movement compared to the thoracic region?
The cervical and lumbar regions
What is the sacrum?
Five vertebrae fused into one bone
Articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra, the coccyx below and an innominate (pelvic or hip) bone at each side
Define articulate
Form a joint
What is the coccyx?
Four terminal vertebrae fused into one small triangular bone that articulates with the sacrum above
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Protects the spinal cord
Protect the spinal nerves
Allow the movement of the ribcage during respiration
How does the vertebral column protect the spinal cord?
In each vertebra there is a hole, the vertebral foramen; collectively, the foramina form a canal in which the spinal cord lies
How does the vertebral column protect the spinal nerves?
Adjacent vertebrae form openings (intervertebral foramina), which protect the spinal nerves as they pass from the spinal cord
How does the vertebral column allow for the movement of the ribcage during respiration?
In the thoracic region the ribs articulate with the vertebrae, forming joints that allow the movement of the ribcage
What is the thoracic region comprised of?
12 thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs
1 sternum or breast bone
What are the functions of the thoracic cage?
Protects the contents of the thorax
Forms joints between the upper limbs and the axial skeleton
Gives attachment to the muscles of respiration
Enables breathing to take place
What is contained within the thorax?
The heart
The lungs
Large blood vessels
How are the axial skeleton and the upper limbs connected?
The upper part of the sternum (manubrium) articulates with the clavicles, forming the only joints between the upper limbs and the axial skeleton
Name the muscles of respiration
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Where are the intercostal muscles found?
Between the ribs
What effect do the intercostal muscles on inspiration?
When they contract, the ribs move upwards and outwards, increasing the capacity of the thoracic cage and inspiration occurs
Describe the shape of the diaphragm?
Dome shaped
What does the diaphragm separate?
The thoracic and abdominal cavities
What effect does the contraction of the diaphragm have?
Contraction causes it to flatten
Increases the volume of the thoracic cage, assisting with inspiration
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
Shoulder girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
What does each shoulder girdle consist of?
A clavicle and a scapula
What is each upper limb comprised of?
1 humerus 1 radius 1 ulna 8 carpal bones 5 metacarpal bones 14 phalanges
What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?
Two innominate bones and the sacrum
What does each lower limb consist of?
1 femur 1 tibia 1 fibula 1 patella 7 tarsal bones 5 metatarsal bones 14 phalanges
What are the main functions of the appendicular skeleton?
Voluntary movement
Protection of blood vessels and nerves
What is involved in the movement of the skeleton?
The bones, muscles and joints of the limbs
How are blood vessels and nerves protected by the appendicular skeleton?
Protected from injury by the associated muscles and skin
Where are blood vessels and nerves most vulnerable?
Where they cross joints
Where bones can be felt immediately below the skin
What protects/contains the body’s organs?
Body cavities
How many body cavities are there?
4
Name the four body cavities?
Cranial cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
What does the cranial cavity contain?
The brain
What are the boundaries of the cranial cavity formed by?
The bones of the skull
What bone(s) set the anterior boundaries of the cranial cavity?
1 frontal bone
What bone(s) set the lateral boundaries of the cranial cavity?
2 temporal bones
What bone(s) set the posterior boundaries of the cranial cavity?
1 occipital bone
What bone(s) set the superior boundaries of the cranial cavity?
2 parietal bones
What bone(s) set the inferior boundaries of the cranial cavity?
1 sphenoid bone
1 ethmoid bone
Parts of the frontal, temporal and occipital bones
Where is the thoracic cavity situated?
Upper part of the trunk
What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity formed by?
The thoracic cage and supportive muscles
What sets the anterior boundaries in the thoracic cavity?
The sternum
The costal cartilages of the ribs
What sets the lateral boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
12 pairs of ribs
The intercostal muscles
What sets the posterior boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
The thoracic vertebrae
What sets the superior boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
The structures forming the root of the neck
What sets the inferior boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle
What are the contents of the thoracic cavity?
The trachea, 2 bronchi, 2 lungs The heart, aorta, superior and inferior vena cavae, numerous other blood vessels The oesophagus Lymph vessels and lymph nodes Some important nerves
What is the mediastinum?
The space between the lungs
Includes the structures found there, such as the heart, oesophagus and blood vessels
The largest body cavity is…
The abdominal cavity
What is the shape of the abdominal cavity?
Oval
What does the abdominal cavity occupy most of?
The trunk
What are the superior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
The diaphragm - separates it from the thoracic cavity
What are the anterior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
The muscles forming the anterior abdominal wall
What are the posterior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
The lumbar vertebrae and muscles forming the posterior abdominal wall
What are the lateral boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
The lower ribs and parts of the muscles of the abdominal wall
What are the inferior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
Continuous with the pelvic cavity
How many regions is the abdominal cavity divided into?
Nine regions
What is most of the abdominal cavity occupied by?
Organs and glands of the digestive system
What are the contents of the abdominal cavity?
The stomach, small intestine and most of the large intestine
The liver, gall bladder, bile ducts and pancreas
The spleen
2 kidneys and the upper part of the uterus
2 adrenal (suprarenal) glands
Numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
Lymph nodes
Name the regions of the abdominal cavity?
From top right to bottom left
Right hypochondrium Epigastric region Left hypochondrium Right flank Umbilical region Left flank Right iliac fossa (groin) Hypogastric region Left iliac fossa (groin)
What is the shape of the pelvic cavity?
Roughly funnel shaped
Where does the pelvic cavity extend to?
The lower end of the abdominal cavity
What are the superior boundaries of the pelvic cavity?
It is continuous with the abdominal cavity
What are the anterior boundaries of the pelvic cavity?
The pubic bones
What are the posterior boundaries of the pelvic cavity?
The sacrum and the coccyx
What are the lateral boundaries of the pelvic cavity?
The innominate bones
What are the Inferior boundaries of the pelvic cavity?
The muscles of the pelvic floor
What are the contents of the pelvic cavity?
Sigmoid colon, rectum and anus
Some loops of the small intestine
Urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureters and the urethra
The organs of the reproductive system
What are the female specific contents of the pelvic cavity?
the uterus
uterine tubes
ovaries
vagina
What are the male specific contents of the pelvic cavity?
the prostate gland seminal vesicles spermatic cords deferent ducts (vasa deferentia) ejaculatory ducts urethra (common to the reproductive and urinary systems)
