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biology 101 > organisation of plant tissues and growth > Flashcards

organisation of plant tissues and growth Flashcards

chapter 1 in biology form 5 syllabus

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1
Q

where are apical meristem located?

A

at tips of plant shoots & roots

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2
Q

what are lateral meristems?

A

the consist of vascular cambium & cork cambium

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3
Q

What are the zones of cell growth?

A

zone of

  • cell differentiation
  • cell elongation
  • cell differentiation
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4
Q

Explain the zone of cell differentiation.

A
  • takes place at apical meristems which actively divide meristem cells through mitosis
  • increase no. of cells increases elongation of plant stem
  • former cells are pushed to cell elongation zone
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5
Q

give an explanation about zone of cell elongation.

A
  • increase in size through osmosis & nutrients absorption
  • vacoulation happens (small vacs form big vac.)
  • diffused water exerts pressure against cell wall which pushes, elongates & widens cell
  • organelle vac. prominent
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6
Q

What are permanent tissue?

A

matured tissue which have experienced or are experiencing differentiation.

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7
Q

Types of permanent tissue?

A

epidermal, ground and vascular

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8
Q

structure epidermal tissue

A
  • layers outermost surface
  • cell wall have a waxy waterproof layer (cuticle)
  • cuticle reduces loss of water through evaporation
  • protects leaves from mechanical injuries & pathogen
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9
Q

Give modified epidermal calls & function.

A
  • GUARD CELL- control opening of stoma

- ROOT HAIR CELL- increase SA of root for water & mineral salts absorption

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10
Q

Structure & function of Parenchyma Tissue?

A
  • thinnest cell walls & don’t differentiate
  • in turgid state providing support and maintain shape of herbaceous plants
  • helps photo, gas exchange, storage of starch
  • repair & regeneration of plant tissue
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11
Q

explain collenchyma tissue structure.

A
  • flexible mature cells
  • cell walls made of pectin & hemicellulose
  • provide mechanical support & elasticity
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12
Q

what is the structure and function of sclerenchyma? q

A
  • dead matured cells & thickest cell walls

- provide mechanical support & tranpsort of water & nutreints

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13
Q

what is xylem tissue structure and function?

A
  • made of dead cells w/o cytoplasm
  • cell wall contain lignin
  • vessels elongated, hollow & connected to each other from roots to leaves
    transport water & mineral salts
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14
Q

what is phloem tissue structure and function?

A
  • made of companion cells & sieve tubes (w cytoplasm)
  • don’t have organelles as they decompose at maturity stage
  • transport sugars from photo. to leaves & storage organs
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15
Q

explain cell differentiation

A
  • cells differentiate when reached max. size
  • form permanent tissue & change shape and structures
  • epidermal cell in leaves diff to guard cells
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16
Q

what is primary growth?

A

growth that occurs after germination & it take place in all plants to elongate their stems & roots

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17
Q

when does primary growth start?

A

when meristem cells actively dividing

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18
Q

how does primary growth happens at shoot tips?

A

leaf primordia & shoot primordia grow to form new leaves and shoots and increase height

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19
Q

how primary growth at root tips?

A

root cap become exhausted when penetrating soil so root cap cells are replaced by meristem cells

20
Q

what is secondary growth?

A

occurs mainly in eudicots & small no. of monocots to increase circumference/diameter of plant stem/root

21
Q

can eudicots go through secondary growth?

A

for non-woody plants, 2nd growth doesn’t happen

22
Q

what does lateral meristem consist of?

A

vascular cambium & cork cambium

23
Q

How secondary growth happens in stem?

A
  1. Vascular cambium divides actively (mitosis)
  2. cambium ring cells divide inwards (new xylem) & outwards (new phloem, becomes secondary xylem and phloem
  3. 1st xylem pushed towards pith & 1st phloem towards epidermis. 1st xylem are compressed to form stronger wood layer because xylem walls are thickened with lignin.
  4. when 2nd xylem is compressed, circumference is added which cause epidermis of stem to stretch & crack. C.C form crok cells on outes & cortex on inner side. Cork layer protects from insect & pathogen attack when epidermis cracked
24
Q

how does secondary growth in roots?

A
  1. V.C divide inwards to form 2nd xylem & outwards to form 2nd phloem
  2. V.C divide inwards to form 2nd xylem & outwards to form 2nd phloem
25
Q

how to know age of plants living in temperate cilmate?

A
  • based on annual growth rings in stem
  • 2nd growth happens at diff, rates according to seasons
  • spring, enough water supply, & sunlight, 2nd xylem is bigger and thinner wall, the colour is brighter
  • summer, smaller and thicker walls and darker in colour
26
Q

Example of monocots?

A

draceana sp.
aloe sp.
agava sp.

27
Q

What are the importance of primary growth?

A
  • allows max elongation of plants to absorb sunlight
  • transport products of photosynthesis
  • transport water & mineral salts
  • provide support
28
Q

What are the importance of secondary growth to plants?

A
  • provide stability by increase stem & root diameter to suit plants height
  • provide mechanical support
  • replace old and damaged vascular tissue
  • able to live longer by increasing chances of seed production
29
Q

What are the similarities between primary growth?

A
  • increase plant size permanently
  • occur in woody plants
  • involve cell division (mitosis)
30
Q

differences between 1st and 2nd growth?

A

direction of growth
1st; longtidunally
2nd; radially

presence of woody tissue
1st; doesn’t have
2nd; have

presence of annual ring
1st; absence
2nd; present

31
Q

what is the economic importance of secondary growth plants?

A
  • have strong & hard woods as structures for houseboats, etc
  • presence of annual rings makes furniture look attractive & decorative items
  • commercialised fruits (mangoes, mangosteen) generate income & boost economic growth
32
Q

what are the types of life cycles?

A

annual, biennial and perennial

33
Q

what is annual plants?

A

plants that have only one life cycle for a season or a year. die after completing biological cycle

34
Q

example of annual plants

A

paddy plant, pumpkin & watermelon

35
Q

what is biennial plants?

A

plants which take 2 years with 2 seasons of growth to complete their life cycle

36
Q

how do biennial plants grow?

A
  • First growth season is vegetative growth (roots,stems & leaves growth) while the second is reproduction. They briefly stop growth process during winter.
  • During spring & summer, growth continues as preparation of reproduction by flowering. They produce fruits & seeds and die
37
Q

example of biennial plants?

A

grow in temperate regions like cabbage, carrot

38
Q

what is perennial plants?

A

plants which live more than two years & can be classified to two types; woody and herbaceous. They are able to flower & bear fruits many times & have structures that are adaptable to surroundings & temp. changes

39
Q

example of perennial plants

A

grass, hibiscus, mango

40
Q

why dry mass decrease in stage A at annual plant growth curve?

A

food stored in cotyledon is used for germination before the leaves emerge to carry out photosynthesis

41
Q

why constant dry mass in growth curve?

A
  • the rate of growth is zero

- plant is matured at this stage

42
Q

Growth curve of biennial plants is consist of?

A

two sigmoid curves.

43
Q

explain the two seasons of biennial plants growth curve.

A

first growth season

  • plants produce leaves, photo.
  • food is stored in tubers

second growth season
- the food stored is used to produce flowers and seeds.

44
Q

the growth curve of perennial plants consist of?

A

a series of small sigmoid curves.

45
Q

How is rate of growth in spring and summer?

A
  • rate of growth is high

- high light intensity increase rate of photosynthesis.

46
Q

how is rate of growth in winter?

A

rate of growth decrease in winter.

biology 101 (2 decks)

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