Organisation of brainstem and cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the brainstem

A

Part of the CNS between the cerebrum and spinal cord (-cerebellum)
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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2
Q

What are the roles of the colliculi and where are they found

A

Found on the posterior surface of the brainstem
superior - coordinated neck and eye movement
Inferior colliculus - auditory reflexes

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3
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from the back brainstem

A

IV, trochlear nerve

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4
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle

A

Posterior surface of the pons (floor)

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5
Q

What is found on the posterior surface of the medullla

A

Dorsal columns

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6
Q

What is found immediately below the optic chiasm

A

Pituitary stalk

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7
Q

What forms the base of the hypothalamus

A

Mammillary bodies

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8
Q

What is the role of the trigeminal nerve and where does it emerge

A

Completely from the lateral part of the pons

touch sensation throughout head and neck + motor function

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9
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the medulla and what are their roles

A

Abducens - eye
Facial - face
Vestibulocochlear - balance and hearing

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10
Q

What are the roles of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves

A

Glossopharyngeal – tongue, swallowing, pharynx, mastication
Vagus - parasympathetic autonomic output
Accessory – shoulder muscles and sternocleidomastoid

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11
Q

What is the role of the hypoglossal nerve

A

tongue – all tongue muscles

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12
Q

What is the cerebral penduncle

A

Corticospinal tract that emerges as the pyramidal decussation

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13
Q

What are the cranial nerves that emerge form the anterior surface of the brainstem

A
Optic chiasm 
Oculomotor 
Trigeminal
Glossopharyngeal 
Vagus
Accessory 
Hypoglossal 
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
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14
Q

What are the functional classifications for afferent nerves

A

General somatic afferent (GSA) - sensation from skin and mucous membranes

General visceral afferent (GVA) - sensation from GI tract, heart, vessels & lungs

Special somatic afferent - vision, hearing & equilibrium

Special visceral afferent - smell & taste

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15
Q

What are the functional classifications for efferent nerves

A

General somatic efferent (GSE) - muscles for eye & tongue movements

General visceral efferent (GVE) - preganglionic parasympathetic

Special visceral efferent
muscles involved in chewing, facial expression, swallowing, vocal sounds & turning head

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16
Q

Which nuclei emerge as GSE nerves

A

Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Hypoglossal

17
Q

Which nuclei emerge as SVE nerves

A

Trigeminal
Facial
Ambiguus
Accessory

18
Q

Which nuclei emerge as GVE nerves

A

Edinger westphal
Salivatory
Salivatory, vagus

19
Q

Which nuclei emerge as SSA nerves

A

Vestibulocochlear

20
Q

Which nuclei emerge as GSA nerves

A

Trigeminal

21
Q

Which nuclei emerge as GVA/SVA nerves

A

Solitarius

22
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the midbrain

A
Looks like Mickey Mouse
Cerebral aqueduct (only present here)
Substantia nigra
Cerebral peduncle (ears of mm)
Inferior colliculus
23
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the pons

A

Transverse fibres
4th ventricle (floor)
Middle cerebellar peduncle (where the pons connects to the cerebellum)

24
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the medulla

A

Pyramids

Inferior olivary nucleus (distinctive wavy shape)

25
What are the distinguishing features of the lower medulla
Start of the central canal of the spinal cord Dorsal columns Pyramidal decussation (fibres crossing over)
26
What occurs in lateral medullary syndrome
Thrombosis of vertebral artery or Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
27
What are the symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome
Vertigo Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia Ipsilateral loss of pain/thermal sense (face) Horner’s syndrome Hoarseness, difficulty in swallowing Contralateral loss of pain/thermal sense (trunk and limbs)
28
Which cranial nerves are involved in lateral medullary syndrome and which symptoms do they produce
Vestibular - vertigo Inferior cerebellar peduncle - ataxia Spinal nerve (trigeminal) - loss of pain/thermal sense N Ambiguus - hoarseness and difficulty swallowing Spinothalamic tract - contralateral loss of pain Sympathetic tract - Horner's
29
Where are the nuclei for the oculomotor nerve and what is its functional classification
Midbrain as GSE
30
Where are the nuclei for the Trochlear nerve and what is its functional classification
Midbrain as GSE
31
Where are the nuclei for the Trigeminal nerve and what is its functional classification
Midbrain, Pons, medulla and cervical spinal cord as GSA | Pons as SVE
32
Where are the nuclei for the Abducens nerve and what is its functional classification
Pons as GSE
33
Where are the nuclei for the Facial nerve and what is its functional classification
Pons as SVE
34
Where are the nuclei for the Vestibulocochlear nerve and what is its functional classification
Pons and Medulla as SSA
35
Where are the nuclei for the Vagus nerve and what is its functional classification
Medulla as GVE
36
Where are the nuclei for the Accessory nerve and what is its functional classification
Cervical spinal cord as SVE
37
Where are the nuclei for the Hypoglossal nerve and what is its functional classification
Medulla as GSE