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Y2 Neuroscience and Mental Health > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the olfactory system

A

2000-4000 different odours
Molecular mechanism largely unknown
progressive loss with age

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2
Q

What is in the olfactory epithelium

A 
bipolar olfactory neurons
sustentacular cells (support)
basal cells (turnover of neurones)
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3
Q

Describe the structure of the olfactory system

A

Olfactory receptor cells -> glomerulus -> second-order olfactory neurone -> olfactory tract
Cribiform plate and olfactory bulb

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4
Q

What structures are involved in the olfactory system

A 
Olfactory bulb (mitral cells)
Olfactory tract
Olfactory stria
Piriform and orbitofrontal cortex
Connections to brainstem (promotes autonomic responses)
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5
Q

What is a clinical deficit in the olfactory system known as

A

Anosmia

Prodromal auras

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6
Q

Describe the olfactory system in the brain

A 
Olfactory bulb 
Olfactory tract
Piriform cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex 
Lateral olfactory stria 
Medial olfactory stria
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7
Q

What is the limbic system

A

Rim or limbus of cortex adjacent to corpus callosum and diencephalon
Structurally and functionally interrelated areas considered as a single functional complex

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8
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system

A

maintenance of homeostasis
agonistic (defence & attack) behaviour
sexual & reproductive behaviour
memory

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9
Q

How does the limbic system maintain homeostasis

A

Activation of visceral effector mechanisms
Modulation of pituitary hormone release
Initiation of feeding and drinking

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10
Q

What structures are involved in limbic system

A 
Frontal lobe
Thalamus
Hypothalamus 
Hippocampus 
Amygdala 
Olfactory bulb
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11
Q

Describe the Paper circuit

A 
Neocortex to cingulate cortex
1. Cingulate cortex 
Cingulum bundle
2. Hippocampus
Fornix
3. Hypothalamus (maxillary bodies)
Mammillothalamic tract
4. Anterior nuclear of thalamus
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12
Q

What is involved in emotional colouring, experience and expression

A

Colouring - neocortex
Experience - cingulate
expression - Hypothalamus

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13
Q

What are the functions of the hippocampus and what can it be involved in clinically

A

Memory and learning

Alzheimer’s disease
Epilepsy

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14
Q

What are the main connections of the hippocampus

A

Afferent: Perforant pathway
Efferent: Fimbria/ fornix

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15
Q

Where is the hippocampus

A

Below the medial temporal lobe

Medial to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

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16
Q

Which structures can be found in the hippocampal circuitry

A 
Hippocampus -> fornix -> mammillary bodies 
Seahorse shape (two Cs)
17
Q

What happens in Alzheimers

A

Cortical atrophy
Ventricle enlargement
Plaques
Tangles

18
Q

Describe the anatomical progression of Alzheimers

A

Early
Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
Short-term memory problems

Moderate
Parietal lobe
Dressing apraxia

Late
Frontal lobe
Loss of executive skills

19
Q

What are the main connections of the amygdala

A

Afferent: Olfactory cortex, septum, temporal neocortex, hippocampus, brainstem
Efferent: Stria terminalis

20
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala and what can it be involved in clinically

A

Fear and anxiety
Fight of flight

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

21
Q

Where is the amygdala

A

Anterior to the hippocampus

Grey matter nucleus embedded in the white matter of the temporal lobe

22
Q

Describe Kluver-bucy syndrome

A

Hyperorality
Loss of fear
Visual agnosia
Hypersexuality

23
Q

Which structures are associated with aggression

A

Hypothalamus
Brainstem (periaqueductal grey)
Amygdala
5-HT (serotonin) in raphe nuclei

24
Q

What are the main connections of the septal nuclei

A

Afferent: Amygdala, olfactory tract, hippocampus, brainstem
Efferent: Stria medularis thalami, hippocampus, hypothalamus

25
Q

What is the function of the septal nuclei

A

Reinforcement and reward

26
Q

Describe the drug dependence mechanism

A

Opioids, nicotine, amphetamines, ethanol and cocaine all increase dopamine (DA) release in nucleus accumbens
Stimulate midbrain neurons, promote DA release or inhibit DA reuptake
Other neurotransmitters also modify this system

27
Q

Describe the mesolimbic pathway

A

Midbrain -> MFB -> cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala

Y2 Neuroscience and Mental Health (22 decks)

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