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LCRS Neuroscience > Organisation Of Brainstem And Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Organisation Of Brainstem And Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of brainstem

A

Part of the CNS, exclusive of the cerebellum, that lies between the cerebrum and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brainstem from top to bottom

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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3
Q

What is the floor of the 4th ventricle

A

Pons

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4
Q

Which gland is midline and releases melatonin and is important in circadian rhythm

A

Pineal gland

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5
Q

What is the superior colliculus important for?

A

Coordination of head and eye movements at the same time (watching tennis)

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6
Q

What is the inferior colliculus important for?

A

Auditory reflexes (if there is a loud bang, you will look towards it)

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from the back of the brainstem

A

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

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8
Q

What does the CN IV supply

A

One of the extrinsic muscles of the eye

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9
Q

Which two main sensory pathways is the dorsal column involved in?

A

Touch and proprioception

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10
Q

Why is the pons very easy to identify

A

It has transverse fibres running across it which makes it easy to identify

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11
Q

What is at the top of the midbrain

A

Optic chiasm- where optic nerves converge

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12
Q

What is immediately behind the optic chiasm

A

Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

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13
Q

What is behind the infundibulum

A

Inferior part of the hypothalamus- mamillary bodies

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14
Q

Which system do mamillary bodies belong to

A

Limbic system

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15
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges just above the transverse fibres of the pons

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

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16
Q

What is the function of CN III

A

Main nerve involved in eye movements

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17
Q

What is the cerebral peduncle

A

The main motor fibres coming from the motor cortex down to the spinal cord

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18
Q

What is the only cranial nerve that emerges from the lateral part of the pons

A

Trigeminal (CN V)

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19
Q

What is the function of CN V

A

Touch and sensation throughout the head and neck

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20
Q

How many cranial nerves emerge at the pontomedullary junction

A

Three-
• Most medially (the long one in the middle) -Abducens (CN VI)
• Moving laterally (the nerve the arrow is pointing to) -Facial (CN VII)
. Most lateral of the three -Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

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21
Q

What is the role of the abducens (CN VI)

A

Supplies the laterus rectus muscle- last extrinsic muscle of the eye and causes abduction from the midline

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22
Q

What is the role of the facial (CN VII)

A

Innervates the facial muscles involved in expression

23
Q

What is the role of the vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

A

Involved in balance and hearing

24
Q

What is Bell’s palsy

A

Dysfunction of the facial nerve causes a loss of facial muscle tone

25
Q

What is the role of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

A

Sensory and motor innervation of the tongue and pharynx

26
Q

What is the role of the vagus (CN X)

A

Main parasympathetic nerve that projects down into the viscera

27
Q

What is the role of the accessory (CN XI)

A

Supplies the sternocleidomastoid (allows turning of the head) and trapezius

28
Q

What is the role of the hypoglossal (CN XII)

A

Supplies the musculature of the tongue

29
Q

What is the point where 90-95% of fibres cross over at the base of the medulla called?

A

Pyramidal decussation

30
Q

What are the four functional subtypes of the cranial nerves

A

General somatic afferent
General visceral afferent
General somatic efferent
General visceral efferent

31
Q

What is the general somatic afferent for?

A

Sensation from skin and mucous membranes

32
Q

What is the general visceral afferent for?

A

Sensation from GI tract, heart, vessels and lungs

33
Q

What is the general somatic efferent for?

A

Muscles for eye and tongue movements

34
Q

What is the general visceral efferent for?

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic

35
Q

Which spinal cord root does information go into and leave from

A

Enters- Dorsal

Leaves- Ventral

36
Q

Are motor nuclei for cranial nerves medial or lateral>

A

Medial, sensory are lateral

37
Q

What does the midbrain look like

A

Mickey mouse

38
Q

What can you see that lets you know that you’re in the midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct

39
Q

What is the most obvious sign that you’re in the midbrain (dopaminergic neurones)

A

Substantia nigra

40
Q

Why is the substantia nigra black?

A

In normal metabolism, dopaminergic neurones produce neuromelanin which is a pigment that gives its black colour

41
Q

What is just underneath the cerebellum

A

The pons- in the region of the 4th ventricle

42
Q

What are cerebral peduncles for?

A

Holding cerebrum onto brainstem

43
Q

What is the main cerebral peduncle?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

44
Q

Which structure changes a lot as you go down the brain stem

A

Medulla

45
Q

What is the main feature of the medulla

A

Pyramids

46
Q

What is the inferior olivary nucleus

A

Bit of a bulge in the side of the medulla- connected to the cerebellum and involved in fine motor movements

47
Q

At the junction of the medulla with the spinal cord, what is the cross section like?

A

Very round

48
Q

What is the smaller dorsal column

A

Gracilis- sensory information from lower limb

49
Q

What is the cuneatus

A

It is more lateral than the gracilis and provides sensory information from the upper limb

50
Q

What can be seen in the cross section of the lower medulla (2 things)

A

Central canal and pyramidal decussation

51
Q

What causes lateral medullary syndrome

A

Thrombosis of vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery

52
Q

What are the symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome

A

Vertigo, ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia, ipsilateral loss of pain and Horner’s syndrome

53
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Loss of sympathetic innervation to head and neck

LCRS Neuroscience (18 decks)

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