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LCRS Neuroscience > Basal ganglia and cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal ganglia and cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

As well as modulating motor control, what function are basal ganglia and cerebellum thought to be linked to?

A

Learning

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2
Q

Where are the basal ganglia located?

A

In the white matter in the middle of the brain

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3
Q

What structures does the basal ganglia consist of?

A

Striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

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4
Q

What does the striatum consist of

A

Caudate and putamen

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5
Q

What are the two segments of the globus pallidus

A

External (GPext) or lateral segment

Internal (GPint) or medial segment

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6
Q

What are the two parts of the substantia nigra?

A

Consists of the pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticula (SNr)

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7
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Planning and programming movement
Elaborating associated movements (swinging arms when walking)
Smoothness of complex action
Involved in moderating and coordinating movements

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8
Q

Describe the start of the circuit of basal ganglia

A

They start in the cerebral cortex (primary motor, premotor, supplementary, somatosensory and parietal) and these neurones go to the striatum (caudate and putamen)

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9
Q

What are the two pathways of the circuits after the striatum?

A

The direct pathway and indirect pathway

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10
Q

What is the direct pathway?

A

Putamen -> Globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra

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11
Q

What is the indirect pathway?

A

Putamen -> Globus pallidus external segment -> Subthalamic nucleus -> Globus pallidus internal segment

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12
Q

What effect does the direct pathway have on the motor cortex?

A

Excitatory

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13
Q

What effect does the indirect pathway have on the motor cortex?

A

Inhibitory

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14
Q

What modulates the functions of the pathways?

A

Nigro-striatal pathway

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15
Q

Where do these projections go once they exit the basal ganglia?

A

Thalamus then they go back to the cortex to the supplementary motor area and primary motor area

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16
Q

How are the basal ganglia also involved in cognitive function?

A

There are cortical loops that go through the basal ganglia and connects the basal ganglia with the prefrontal association cortex and limbic cortex. They’re involved in selecting and enabling various cognitive, executive and emotional programmes that are stored in these cortical areas

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17
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

Neuronal degeneration of the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta, it is caused by the progressive depletion of dopamine neurones

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18
Q

When do clinical signs appear in Parkinson’s?

A

When about 80% of the dopamine cells in the substantia nigra have died

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19
Q

When there is loss of nigra-striatal dopaminergic neurones in the caudate and putamen which leads to a loss of connection between the striatum and substantia nigra pars compact, what happens?

A

Excitation of the motor cortex is reduced

20
Q

What are the signs of parkinson’s disease?

A

Akinesia, parkinsonian gait and stooped posture

21
Q

What is akinesia?

A

When it is difficult to initiate movements because they’ve lost the feedback between the basal ganglia and cortex

22
Q

What is Huntington’s disease and what causes it?

A

It is a neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by an abnormality on chromosome 4, it is autosomal dominant.

23
Q

What does the abnormality on chromosome 4 cause?

A

Degeneration of GABAnergic neurones in the striatum which means that excitatory effect of the direct pathway is no longer controlled by inhibitory pathway

24
Q

What are the main sign’s of Huntington’s?

A

Choreic movements- Rapid, jerking, involuntary movements

25
Q

Which parts of the body are affected first in Huntington’s?

A

Hands and face

26
Q

What are the three horizontal lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior, posterior and flocculonodular

27
Q

What are the three coronal zones of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis- in the middle
Intermediate hemisphere
Lateral hemisphere

28
Q

What are the three layers in the cerebellar cortex, starting with the most internal?

A

Granule cells
Purkinje cells
Molecular layer

29
Q

What does the molecular layer contain?

A

Axons of the granule cells and dendrites of the Purkinje cells

30
Q

What are the three deep nuclei in the cerebellum?

A

Fastigial
Interposed
Dentate

31
Q

What is the fastigial nucleus involved in?

A

Control of balance and is connected with vestibular nuclei

32
Q

What are the interposed and dentate nuclei involved in?

A

Both are involved in voluntary movement and are connected to the thalamus and red nucleus

33
Q

What are the three sources of input to the cerebellum?

A

Mossy fibres- that bring information from the cerebral cortex and pons
Mossy fibres from the spinocerebellar tract
Climbing fibres from the inferior olive

34
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)?

A

Involvement with balance, posture and regulation of gait

Also involved in coordination of head movements with eye movements

35
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

Coordination of speech, adjustment of muscle tone and coordination of limb movement

36
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Coordination of skilled movements, cognitive function, attention, processing of language and emotional control

37
Q

Overall, what are the 4 main functions of the cerebellum?

A

Balance and posture, coordination of voluntary movement, cognitive functions and motor learning

38
Q

What occurs in vestibulocerebellar syndrome?

A

Patients tend to lose their balance with gait ataxia and a tendency to fall

39
Q

What is spinocerebellar syndrome highly associated with as a cause?

A

Chronic alcoholism

40
Q

What occurs in spinocerebellar syndrome?

A

It mainly affects the legs and causes an abnormal gait or a wide stance

41
Q

What occurs in cerebrocerebellar syndrome?

A

It mainly affects the arms and affects coordinated movements, speech becomes very slow and hesitant

42
Q

What are the 5 main signs of cerebellar disorders?

A 
Ataxia
Dysmetria
Intention tremor
Dysdiadochokinesia
Scanning speech- staccato
43
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Inappropriate force and distance on target directed movements

44
Q

What is an intention tremor?

A

Increasingly oscillatory trajectory of a limb in a target directed movement

45
Q

What the balls is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

46
Q

How is intention tremor assessed clinically?

A

Nose-finger tracking

LCRS Neuroscience (18 decks)

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