organisation in animals 2 Flashcards

enzymes, enzyme practical, non - communicable diseases, cancer, treatments

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1
Q

what is an enzyme

A

protein molecule that acts as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without getting used up

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2
Q

what is a denatured enzyme

A

an enzyme where the active site has changed shape and the substrate will no longer fit

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3
Q

why are enzymes specific

A

only certain substrate will fit into the active site of each enzyme - LOCK N KEY THEORY

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4
Q

describe the enzyme action

A

substrate moves toward the site of the enzymes

the substrate collides with the active site

the products have collided and a substrate molecule was broken

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5
Q

how can enzymes be denatured

A

they can be denatured by:
- high temperatures
- low/high pH

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6
Q

what is optimum temperature/pH

A

the temperature/pH value an enzyme works best at

most enzymes have the same optimum temperature of 37 degrees C

there are a range of different optimum pH values depending on the enzyme function

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7
Q

3 important enzymes

A

pepsin - found in the stomach and helps digestion of protein

salivary amylase - helps digestion of carbohydrates

alkaline phosphatase - found in the bloodstream and helps in the breakdown of protein

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8
Q

enzyme temperature denature

A

at low temperatures , enzymes and substrates don’t have much energy
- collision don’t happen often
- rate of reaction is low (not 0)

as the temperature increases, the rate of collision increases
- more reactions will occur
- rate of reaction increases

after the optimum temperature, the enzyme molecules begin to denature so the rate of reaction decreases

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9
Q

enzyme pH denature

A

at pH levels too low below optimum pH
- enzyme is denatured
- rate of reaction is 0

each enzyme has an optimum pH where it works best

at pH levels too far above the optimum pH
- enzyme is denatured
- rate of reaction is 0

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10
Q

how do you measure rate of reaction in enzymes

A

rate of reaction - speed at which something occurs

for when ALL of something has happened:

1/time OR 1000/time

for when PART of something has happened:

change/time

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11
Q

lipase - substrate, products, production site, reaction site

A

substrate:
lipids

products:
fatty acids/glycerol

sites of production:
pancreas/small intestine

site of reaction:
small intestine

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12
Q

protease - substrate, products, production site, reaction site

A

substrate:
proteins

products:
amino acids

sites of production:
stomach/pancreas/small intestine

site of reaction:
stomach/small intestine

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13
Q

amylase - substrate, products, production site, reaction site

A

substrate:
starch

products:
sugars

sites of production:
salivary glands/pancreas/small intestine

site of reaction: mouth/small intestine

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14
Q

health definition

A

state of physical and mental wellbeing

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15
Q

disease definition

A

something responsible for causing ill health which is not an injury

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16
Q

non-communicable disease

A

a disease that cannot be passed from person to person

17
Q

misconception around risk factors

A

exposure to risk factors doesn’t mean that someone is definitely going to develop a condition
e.g. clear link between smoking and lung cancer however not every smoker is going to get lung cancer

18
Q

coronary arteries

A

cardiac muscles require energy to constantly contract
the heart is surrounded by a network of arteries - coronary arteries
they supply muscles of the heart with lots of oxygen and glucose to respire efficiently

19
Q

statins
advantages!
disadvantages.

A

drugs that lower the amount of bad cholesterol in your blood
–> cholesterol is a required fatty acid but too much bad cholesterol causes build up in blood vessels and coronary heart disease

  • reduces heart attack risk!
  • has beneficial effects on other causes!
  • not suitable for people with liver disease.
  • side effects.
  • taken for life.
  • cannot take whilst pregnant/breastfeeding.
20
Q

heart transplant
advantages!
disadvantages.

A

a heart too damaged or diseased to be repaired can be replaced with a healthy heart from a donor

  • improves life quality significantly!
  • only a few donor hearts.
  • long recovery time.
  • risk of rejection from immune system.
21
Q

valve replacement
advantages!
disadvantages.

A

heart valves too diseased or damaged means they either don’t open properly (stenosis) or don’t close properly (regurgitation) which can stop your heart from working as it should.
faulty valves can be replaced by a mechanical or biological valve (from an animal)

  • restores blood flow through the heart!
  • biological valves may wear out.
  • blood clots could stick to mechanical valves so anti
    blood-clot tablets would need to be taken
  • major operation
22
Q

stents
advantages!
disadvantages.

A

a stent is a small metal, mesh tube inserted into a blocked/collapsed coronary artery to reopen it and allow blood to flow through

  • very effective!
  • widens coronary arteries that haven’t responded to treatment!
  • short recovery time!
  • in a minority of cases, further treatment is required.
23
Q

artificial hearts

A

if a patient is awaiting heart transplant or cannot wait for a donor any longer, they may be given an artificial heart

however they have to carry the heart mechanism with them in a bag

24
Q

what is apoptosis

A

process of regulated cell death

25
Q

what happens when cells divide too quickly

A

cell division and death is controlled by a series of chemical signalling and checkpoints in the cell cycle.
if something goes wrong with the cell - mutation - it may start to divide too quickly
–> uncontrolled cell division can lead to a tumour

26
Q

name for cancer risk factors

A

carcinogens

27
Q

types of tumour

A

benign
malignant

28
Q

explain a benign tumour

A
  • contained within a capsule
  • cannot invade surrounding tissues
  • are not cancerous
  • may be harmful
29
Q

explain a malignant tumour

A
  • not contained within a capsule
  • can invade surrounding tissues
  • can form secondary tumours (metastasis)
30
Q

explain metastasis

A

cancerous tumours can form secondary tumours

some cancerous cells can break off from the original tumour, travel in the blood and form new tumours elsewhere in the body

31
Q

name and describe two treatments of cancer

A

radiotherapy - use of high power ionising radiation to destroy cancerous cells

chemotherapy - use of drugs to destroy cancerous cells

both highly effective however it can lead to nasty side effects, it’s not well targeted and doesn’t always work