(ORGANISATION) Animal Tissues, Organs and Systems

Question 1

What is the main function of the digestive system?

Answer 1

To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion

Question 2

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary gland in the digestive system?

Answer 2

The pancreas and the salivary gland are glands which produce digestive juices containing enzymes.

Question 3

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

Answer 3

Produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria present and provides optimum acidic pH for the protease enzyme to function

Question 4

What is the role of the small intestine?

Answer 4

The site where soluble food molecules are absorbs into the blood stream

Question 5

What is the role of the liver?

Answer 5

Produces bile (stored in the gallblader) which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently

Question 6

What is the role of the large intestine?

Answer 6

Absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces (poop)

Question 7

What is the role of enzymes?

Answer 7

They act as a biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reactions without being used up

Question 8

What is the ‘lock and key’ hypothesis of enzyme function

Answer 8

The shape of the enzyme active site and the substrate are complementary, so can bind together to form an enzyme-substrate complex

Question 9

Where are the carbohydrates, proteases and lipases produced in the body?

Answer 9

• Carbs; amylase = salivary gland
• Proteases; pepsin = stomach
  Lipases; pancreas and small intestine

Question 10

What is the role of proteases in the digestive system?

Answer 10

To break down proteins into amino acids

Question 11

What is the role of lipases

Answer 11

They break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 12

What is the roll of bile?

Answer 12

• Is an alkaline substance which neutralises the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach
• Bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets - this increases the surface area for the lipase enzyme to work on

Question 13

Where does blood pumped from the right ventricle go?

Answer 13

lungs

Question 14

Where does blood pumped from the left ventricle go?

Answer 14

body tissues

Question 15

How many chambers does the heart have?

Answer 15

4
- Right/Left Atrium
- Right/Left Ventricle

Question 16

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

Answer 16

Has to pump blood at a higher pressure around the whole body

Question 17

What are the main 5 blood vessels?

Answer 17

• Aorta (carries oxygenated blood from heart to body
• Pulmonary vein (carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart)
• Vena Cava (carries deoxygenated blood from the body to heart)
• Pulmonary artery (carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs)

Question 18

What is the purpose of valves?

Answer 18

Prevent backflow of blood

Question 19

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

Answer 19

They supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

Question 20

How is the heart rate controlled?

Answer 20

By a group of cells in the right atrium which acts as a pacemaker. They release waves of electrical activity which cause the heart muscle to contract

Question 21

What are the 3 blood vessels?

Answer 21

• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries

Question 22

How are arteries adapted to their function?

Answer 22

Function = carry blood AWAY from heart
Thick muscle layer which adds strength to resist high pressure and a thick elastic layer which allowed arteries to stretch and recoil

Question 23

How are veins adapted to their function?

Answer 23

Function = carry blood TO the heart
Wide lumen which enables low pressure and valves to prevent backflow

Question 24

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

Answer 24

Function = enable transfer of substances between blood and tissues
Walls are one cell thick which is a short diffusion path. Permeable walls mean that substances can diffuse across and the narrow lumen makes the blood flow slowly (more time for diffusion

Question 25

What substance carries the different components of blood?

Answer 25

Plasma

Question 26

What substances are transported by plasma?

Answer 26

Red/White blood cells
Platelets
CO2
Urea
Products of digestion

Question 27

What is plasma?

Answer 27

A yellow liquid within blood that transports substances around the body

Question 28

Purpose of red blood cells?

Answer 28

Transport oxygen around the body

Question 29

How are RBC adapted to their function?

Answer 29

Biconcave shape - increased surface area to volume ratio
No Nucleus - more room for haemoglobin
Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen

Question 30

Purpose of WBC?

Answer 30

They form part of the immune system which protects the body from invading pathogens

Question 31

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 31

CHD occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked with the build up of fatty material. This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart, possibly leading to a heart attack or death

Question 32

What is a stent and how does it work

Answer 32

A stent is a metal mesh tube that is inserted into a blocked artery so that it remains open. The stent is inflated using a balloon, which is later removed to allow blood to flow freely

Question 33

How can diet affect health?

Answer 33

Too little food / lack of nutrition = anaemia, vitamin deficiencies.
Too much food / too much unhealthy food = obesity, type 2 diabetes

Question 34

What is a benign tumour

Answer 34

• A tumour that is contained in one location, usually within a membrane.
• They’re not cancerous and do not invade other parts of the body
• Can grow large quickly which may cause damage to another organ

Question 35

What isa malignant tumour?

Answer 35

• A tumour that can spread around the body via the blood and lymphatic system.
• Can invade other tissues
• Cells divide more rapidly and have a longer lifespan
• Disrupts healthy tissues and may lead to death