Organisation Flashcards
What is a catalyst?
A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction
What is lock and key theory?
Where the substrate has to fit into the enzyme’s active site to be catalysed
What is the optimum pH for enzymes to work at?
pH 7, but not always
What does amylase break down?
Carbohydrate into starch
What does protease break down?
Proteins into amino acids
What does lipase break down?
Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Where is amylase found?
Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
Where is protease found?
Stomach (as pepsin), small intestine and pancreas
Where is lipase found?
The pancreas and the small intestine
Where is bile made and stored?
It is stored in the gaul bladder and made in the liver?
What does bile do?
It neutralises the stomach so enzymes can work there and it emulsifies fat
What happens in the large intestine?
Excess water is absorbed from food
What is the rectum for?
To store faeces
What happens in the small intestine?
Digested food is absorbed into the blood
What happens in the stomach?
It pummels the food and produces hydrochloric acid to kill the bacteria and give the right pH for pepsin
What is used to test for sugars?
Benedict’s solution
What is used to test for starch?
Iodine solution
What is used to test for protein?
Biuret solution
What is used to test for lipids?
Sudan III stain solution
How does air get to your lungs?
It goes through the trachea, which then splits into the bronchi which then split into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole is an alveoli
What is a double circulatory system?
Two circuits joined together
What does the right ventricle do?
It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What does the left ventricle do?
It pumps oxygenated blood around the body
Why does the heart have valves?
To stop blood flowing in the wrong direction
What are the names of the four chambers of the heart?
The right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle
Explain how blood flows through the heart
Blood flows into the two atria through the vena cava and pulmonary vein.The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. The ventricles contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta, out of the heart
What is the pacemaker?
A group of cells in the heart that send out and electric pulse to keep the heart beating at a regular rate
What do arteries do?
Carry blood away from the heart
What do capillaries do?
Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissue
What do veins do?
Carry blood to the heart
What are the properties of arteries?
Strong, elastic and thick
What are the properties of capillaries?
Tiny, close to every cell, permeable walls and one-cell-thick walls
What are the properties of veins?
Not thick, bigger lumen and have valves
What do red blood cells do?
Carry oxygen
What do white blood cells do?
Defend against infection
What do platelets do?
Help to clot blood
What does plasma do?
A liquid that carried everything in blood
What do stents do?
Keep arteries open so that blood can pass through
What do statins do?
They are drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream, which slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming
What are other ways of helping cardiovascular disease?
Fake hearts, biological or mechanical valves and artificial blood
What is benign cancer?
Where the tumour grows until there’s no more room
What is malignant cancer?
Where the tumour spreads to neighbouring healthy tissue
What is the epidermal tissue?
This covers the whole plant
What is the palisade mesophyll tissue?
Part of the leaf where most photosynthesis happens
What is the spongy mesophyll tissue?
Part of the leaf and contains big air spaces to allow diffusion of gases
What are the xylem and phloem?
Transport things like water, mineral ions and food around the plant
What is the meristem tissue?
Can differentiate into any type of plant cell
What is transpiration?
loss of water from the plant
What is translocation?
Where the transport goes in both directions
What is transpiration rate affected by?
Light intensity (+), temperature (+), humidity (-) and air flow (+)
What are guard cells adapted for?
Gas exchange and controlling water loss within a leaf
