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Biology paper 1 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

paper 1 (bio)

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells working together to carry out a particular function.

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to carry out a particular function

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of different organs working together to carry out a particular function.

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4
Q

What are the three main nutrients in the digestive system?

A

carbohydrates/ lipids / proteins

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5
Q

Why does our food have to be digested?

A

The food molecules are too large to be absorbed into the bloodstream

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6
Q

How are large food molecules broken down into small food molecules?

A

enzymes

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7
Q

How does food enter the digestive system?

A

food is chewed into the mouth. The saliva digests the starch into smaller sugar molecules.

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8
Q

Where does food pass down?

A

goes down the osephgous into the stomach.

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9
Q

What does the stomach digest?

A

protein

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10
Q

what helps the digestion of protein in the stomach?

A

hydrochloric acid
churning action –> turns the food into fluid –> increases the surface area for the enzymes

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11
Q

Where is fluid passed down

A

into the small intestine
chemicals are released by the pancreas and liver

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12
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A

continues the digestion of proteins and starch

begins the digestion of lipids.

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13
Q

What organ releases bile?

A

liver

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14
Q

Where does the fluid go after the pancreas?

A

the large intestine

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15
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions.

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16
Q

Describe the qualities/properties of an enzyme…

A

a large protein molecule
have a groove on their surface known as the active site

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17
Q

What attaches to the active site

A

the substrate

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18
Q

what is the lock and key theroy?

A

enzymes are specific.
The substrate must fit perfectly into the active site.

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19
Q

What does the enzyme protease break down? Where is it found in the digestive system?

A

protein
stomach/pancreas/small intestine

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20
Q

Describe the structure of protein…

A

long chains of amino acids

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21
Q

What does the enzyme amylase break down? Where is it found in the digestive system?

A

starch
saliva/ pancreatic fluid

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22
Q

Describe the structure of amylase…

A

long chains of glucose

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23
Q

What does the enzyme lipase break down? Where is it found in the digestive system?

A

lipids
small intestine
pancreatic fluid

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24
Q

Describe the structure of lipids…

A

consists of a molecule of glycerol attached to three molecules of fatty acids.

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25
What is the role of bile?
convert large lipid droplets into small lipid droplets.
26
Where is bile stored?
gall bladder
27
Why is bile an alkene?
neutralises stomach acid, increases the rate of the lipid digestion.
28
As the temperature increases what happens to the activity of the enzyme?
the reaction gets faster. the enzyme and substrate are moving faster so there are more collisions per second between them. At a certain temperature, enzyme is moving at the fastest rate (optimum temp) There is a maximum frequency of successful collisions.
29
What happens to the activity of the enzyme past the optimum temp?
activity rapidly decreases to 0.
30
Why does this happen?
the enzyme molecules vibrate and the shape of the active site changes. Active site has denatured.
31
What happens when the enzyme goes past the optimum pH?
If you make the pH more acidic or alkaline the activity drops to 0.
32
Describe the positive test for starch...
Test: Add a few drops of iodine solution (orange) to food solution. Result: If starch is present it will go blue/black
33
Describe the positive test for sugars...
Test: add 10 drops of benedict's solution (blue) to food solution. Place test tube in a beaker with warm water and leave for 5mins. Result:If sugar is present will change colour.
34
What does the colours of sugar tell us?
green --> little amount of sugar yellow --> more sugar present red --> lot of sugar present
35
Describe the positive test for protein...
test: 2cm3 of biuret solution (blue) in food solution. result: go from blue to purple or lilac colour.
36
Describe the positive test for lipids...
test: add a few drops of distilled water and a few drops of ethanol --> shake the solution result: white and cloudy
37
State the test for the pH on Amylase... (hint 8 steps)
1) place on drop of iodine solution in each well of the spotting tile. 2) fill 3 test tubes with buffer, starch and amylase solution. 3) place the tests tubes in a water bath (30) for 10mins to allow them to reach the correct temperature. 4) combine the three solutions into a test tube and mix with a stirring rod. 5) start a stopwatch. 6) After thirty seconds use a stirring rod to transfer one drop of solution into the well. 7) iodine should go from orange to blue/black. 8) repeat this every thirty seconds until iodine remains orange.
38
What is one problem a person my face when carrying out the effect of pH on amylase? How can we fix this problem?
not always obvious when the iodine goes blue black. Have several people look at the spotting tile.
39
state three adaptations of the small intestine in absorption...
1) interior covered in multiple villi --> increases the surface area 2)micro villi --> increase the surface area even further 3) villi have a good blood supply --> increase the concentration gradient 4)thin membrane --> short diffusion pathway
40
What is the function of the arteries?
carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the organs.
41
What are two adaptations of the arteries?
1)thick muscular walls --> withstand high pressure of the blood 2) narrow lumen 3) elastic fibres
42
What is the function of the veins?
carries blood to the heart.
43
What are two adaptations of the vein?
1) wide lumen 2) thin walls --> does not have to withstand high blood pressure 3) valves --> stop the blood flowing backwards
44
What is the job of the capillaries?
exchange of molecules between the blood and body cells.
45
What is an adaptation of the capillaries?
1) one cell thick --> short diffusion path way
46
What is the liquid part of the blood?
plamsa
47
What cells are found in the plasma?
white blood cells red blood cells platelets
48
What is the job of the plasma?
transport dissolved substances around the body.
49
Give two examples of substances transported by the plasma...
1) carbon dioxide --> from the organs to the lungs to be breathed out 2) urea --> from the liver to the kidneys to be excreted out.
50
What is the role of the red blood cells?
transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
51
Give two adaptations of the red blood cell...
1) no nucleus --> more room for haemoglobin 2)biconcave disc --> greater surface area.
52
What is the role of the white blood cells?
form part of the immune system.
53
Give an adaptation of the white blood cells...
1) contains DNA --> codes for instructions needed for the wbc function
54
What is the role of the platelets?
help the blood clot
55
What are the uses of donated blood?
replace blood lost during an injury platelets used for blood clotting
56
What is the cons of donated blood?
must be the same blood type --> immune system will reject the blood infected blood --> lots of diseases can be transmitted --> blood screened for infections
57
What are benign tumors?
growth of abnormal cells found in one area. do not invade other areas.
58
Where are benign tumours usually found?
in the cell membrane
59
What are malignant tumours?
invade neigbouring tissues and invade the bloodstream. spread into different parts of the body and form secondary tumours.
60
Which tumour cells are classed as cancer?
malignant cells
61
How are cancers formed?
genetics linked to lifestyles (e.g smoking/UV)

Biology paper 1 (4 decks)

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