Infection and response Flashcards
What is a communciable disease?
It can spread from person to person through pathogens.
What is an non-communiable disease?
It can not spread from person to person and is not caused by a pathogen.
What is a pathegon?
A microorganism that spreads infectious diseases.
State the four pathogens…
1) protists
2) fungi
3) virus
4) bacteria
How does bacteria harm our body?
reproduces rapidly and causes harmful toxins which damages the tissues
How does viruses harm our body?
reproduces inside a host cell and when leaves causes it to burst open and die.
How do pathogens spread?
in the air
water
direct contact
How can we reduce the spread of pathogens?
wash hands
drink clean water
vaccination
clean needles
isolation
WHAT CANNOT BE KILLED BY ANTIBIOTICS?
virus
State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of measles…
s –> fever/ red rash
c –> coughs/ sneezes
p/t –> vaccination
What type of pathogen spreads measles?
virus
What type of pathogen spreads HIV?
virus
State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of HIV…
s –> flu like illness
c –> not protected sex / shared needles
p/t –> antiretroviral drugs
What pathogen can be killed by using antibitoics?
bacteria
State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of salmonella…
s –> extreme cramps / vommiting / fever
c –> ingesting infected food
t/p –> cook food thouroghly / chickens vaccinated against salmonella
State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of ghonerria…
s –> green/ yellow discharge / pain when urinating
c –> sexually transmitted disease
t/p –> penicillin / condom
What type of pathogen causes salmonella?
bacteria
What type of pathogen causes ghonerria?
bacteria
What type of pathogen causes malaria?
protists
State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of malaria…
s –> fever
c –> infected person bitten by a mosquito –> malaria pathogen passed on to mosquito –> bites another person
t/p –> insecticide/ mosquito net / drain still water
What is the mosquito called?
a vector
What is the non-specific defence system?
prevent pathogens from entering the human body.
What role does the skin play in the non specific defence system?
- protective layer
- dead cells - difficult for the pathogens to penetrate
- oily skin - sebum which kills the bacteria
- when skin rips open - scabs over
What is the role of the nose in the non-specific defence system?
- contains hair and mucus - traps pathogens before entering the breathing system
What is the role of the lungs in the non-specific defence system?
- trachea and bronchi covered in tiny hairs known as the cillia
- cillia covered in mucus which traps the pathogen
–> wafts the mucus upwards towards the throat which is then swallowed into the stomach.
What is the role of the stomach in the none-specific defence system?
contains hydrochloric acid which kills the pathogens before going further down into the digestive system.
What are the two main functions of the immune system?
1) destroys pathogens and any toxins produced.
2) protects us incase the same type of pathogen invades in the future.
Describe the process of phagocytosis…
1) wbc detects chemicals from pathogen and moves towards it
2) ingests the pathogens
3) uses enzymes to destroy the pathogen.
Describe the process of antibodies…
1) stick to the pathogen
2) trigger the pathogen to be destroyed
What are antibodies?
protein molecules produced by the wbc.
What are two main facts about antibodies?
1) remain in the blood for a long time
2) are very specific
What is the role of anti-toxins?
stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from destroying cells.
State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of Tobacco mosaic virus…
s –> leaves discolour in a mosaic pattern –> rate of photosyntheisis is reduced –> growth stumped
c –> virus
t –> remove the infected leaves and destroy them
State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of Rose black spot…
s –> purple or black spot on leaves/ turn yellow and fall off –> growth stumped
c –> fungus water/wind
T –> fungicides/ remove the infected leaves and destroy them
State the process of vaccination…
1) dead or inactive pathogen injected into the body
2) wbc produces antibodies against the pathogen
3) wbc undergoes mitosis to produce multiple copies of the antibody
4) memory cells ensure that if the pathogen ever comes back in the future it will be able to quickly fight it off.
What is the purpose of herd immunity?
when majority of the population have the vaccination, those who don’t have it are protected as no one around them can pass the pathogen on.
What was the first antibiotic discovered?
penicillin
What is the role of antibiotics?
kill infective bacteria without harming body cells.
What is antibiotic resistance?
bacteria has evolved so no longer killed by antibiotic.
Where does heart drug digitalis come from?
foxglove
Where does aspirin come from?
willow trees
What is preclinical testing?
drug tested on cells/tissues/animals
BUT NOT HUMANS
What is clinical testing?
very low dosage given to healthy humans
if the drug is safe clinical testing continues to find the optimal dosage
What is a placebo?
a tablet with no active drug in it.
person thinks they are going to get better so thinks it works
What is the double blind trial?
1) test group receive the active drug.
2) placebo group receive the dummy tablet with no active drug in it
3) neither the patient nor doctor knows –> prevents biased
