Organisation Flashcards
What are all the organs in the digestive system?
The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
What is the principle of organisation?
Cells make up tissue. Tissues make up an organ. Organs make up an organ system. Organ systems make up an organism.
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst is made up of protein that speeds up chemical reactions and doesn’t get used up.
What is the ‘Lock and Key’ model?
It depicts how each enzyme is shaped to fit its specific substrate, connecting at an active site. Enzymes break their substrates down to produce minerals and nutrients.
What are the three digestive enzymes?
Carbohydrase, protease and lipase.
What is the substrate for carbohydrase?
Carbohydrate.
What is the substrate for protease?
Protein.
What is the substrate for lipase?
Lipids (fats and oils).
What is the product of carbohydrase?
Simple sugars.
What is the product of amylase?
Glucose (breaks down starch).
What is the product of protease?
Amino acids.
What is the product of lipase?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
Where is carbohydrase produced?
Salivary glands, pancreas and small-intestine.
Where is amylase produced?
Salivary glands.
Where is protease produced?
Stomach, pancreas and small-intestine.
Where is lipase produced?
Pancreas and small-intestine.
Which organ is responsible for producing bile?
Produced in the liver and stored in the gall-bladder.
What is the function of bile in digestion?
It is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid, and it emulsifies fats forming droplets, increasing surface area for lipase to act.
Why is digestion of food necessary?
It breaks down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair.
What is the chemical test for starch?
Using iodine solution, if the result is positive, the solution turns from yellow to blue-black.
What is the chemical test for glucose?
Using Benedict’s solution, if the result is positive, the solution turns from blue to brick red.
What is the chemical test for protein?
Using biuret solution, if the result is positive, the solution turns from blue to purple.
What is the chemical test for lipids?
Using emulsion test solution, if the result is positive, the solution turns from clear to cloudy.
What are the chambers of the heart?
Right and left ventricle and atrium.
What are the components of the heart?
Deoxegenated blood flows in heart from vena cava to pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood flows from pulmonary vein to aorta.
What is meant by double circulatory system?
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body.
What are the five components of the lungs?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and capillary network.
What does the trachea do?
It allows a passage of inspired and expired air into and out of the lungs.
What does the bronchi do?
It distributes the air throughout the lungs.
What do the bronchioles do?
They carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli.
What do alveoli do?
They expand during inhalation, taking in oxygen, and shrink during exhalation, expelling carbon dioxide and are one cell thick.
What does the capillary network do?
They provide nutrients and removing metabolic waste for all tissues.
What is a pacemaker?
A group of cells regulating heart rate on the right atrium.
How can an artificial pacemaker work?
The pacemaker sends electrical pulses to your heart to keep it beating regularly and not too slowly.
What is an artery?
It has thick, muscular, elastic walls, small lumen and blood is carried at high pressure from the heart to the body.
What is a vein?
It has thinner, muscular, elastic walls, large lumen with valves to direct blood which is carried to the heart at low pressure.
What is a capillary?
They have very thin walls, wide enough for a single blood cell and blood is carried at a low pressure.
What is a red blood cell?
It carries oxygen around the body. It is biconcaved and has no nucleus for maximum surface area. It also contains haemoglobin, which reacts with oxygen, making it red.
What is a white blood cell?
They protect you against illness and disease. Can become antibodies and destroy pathogens.
What is plasma in blood?
It carries other blood components and dissolved substances. It’s the liquid component of blood.
What is a platelet?
They are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding.
What is the cause of coronary heart disease?
A layer of fatty material that builds up in the coronary arteries, narrowing them, reducing blood flow resulting in lack of oxygen for heart muscles.
What is a cure for coronary heart disease?
Using a stent to keep the coronary arteries open. Statins reduce blood cholesterol levels, slowing down rate of fatty material deposit.
What is a faulty heart valve?
The heart can develop leaks, causing potential heart failure, stroke, blood clots or cardiac arrest.
How can faulty heart valves be treated?
Replace the valve with a pig heart valve or an artificial mechanical valve, controlling blood flow.
How can heart failure be treated?
A heart transplant or a temporary artificial heart while waiting for a transplant.
What is the definition of health?
A state of physical and mental wellbeing.
What factors can increase the rate of disease?
Smoking, alcohol, obesity, carcinogens (promotes cancer growth) and ionising radiation.
What is a cancer?
An uncontrolled growth and division of cells.
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?
Benign tumours are contained in one area, usually in a membrane. Malignant tumours invade other tissues and spread in the blood.
What is the epidermal tissue in plants?
It is the protective covering.
What is the palisade mesophyll?
Where photosynthesis happens.
What is the spongy mesophyll?
Air spaces in the plant to allow diffusion of gases.
What is transpiration and what can affect the rate?
The movement of water through the plant from the roots to leaves through xylem and evaporation from leaves, affected by temperature, water concentration and light intensity.
What is translocation?
The movement of food molecules through the phloem.
