organisation Flashcards
cells
basic building block of all living organisms
tissue
group of cells with SIMILAR FUNCTIONS working together to perform a specific function
organs
group of DIFFERENT tissues working together to perform a specific function
organ system
group of organs working together to perform a specific function
test for starch
iodine
orange/brown- blue/black
test for glucose
benedicts
blue - green - yellow - brick red
test for proteins
biuret
blue- purple
test for lipads
Sudan III- red layer
Ethanol- cloudy
- carbohydrase
-^ amylase - protease
- lipase
carbohydrates -> simple sugars
starch -> maltose
proteins -> animo acids
lipads -> fatty acids & glycerol
what is an enzyme?
a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of reactions
MOUTH
- TEETH- chews food to increase surface area:volume
- amylase secreted from salivary glands
- ^ digests starch to maltose
order of digestion- where food goes through
and other organs involved
- mouth
- oesophagus
- stomach
- small intenstine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus
- liver- gallbladder
- pancreas
STOMACH
- mucsle walls that mechanically digests the food by churning it
- hydrochloric acid
- ^ kills bacteria
- ^ optimum pH (pH2) for protease
LIVER
GALLBLADDER
liver produces bile which is stored in gallbladder
bile:
- emulsifies fats into small droplets to increase surface area:volume ratio
- ^ increase rate of lipid breakdown
- neutralises after stomach acid
PANCREAS
secretes:
- amylase
- lipase
- protease
into small intestine
SMALL INTESTINE
villi:
- increased surface area
- good blood supply
- thin wall
amylase, lipase, protease produced
products absorbed into bloodstream
LARGE INTESTINE
absorbs water
what to digestive enzymes do?
and what is used with the products of digestion^
- convert food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the blood stream
- to build new carvbohydrates, lipids and proteins- some glucose used in respiration
wheere are
- amylase
- lipase
- protease
secreted?
amylase- salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
lipase- pancrea, small intestine
protease- stomach, pancreas, small intestine
how does an enzyme react
substrate complementary to active site of enzyme
they bind together like lock and key
once bound- reaction takes place and products released
effect of temperature on enzyme activity
what happens if its too hot or too cold
rate will incease until a point (optimum temperature) before rapidly decreases (denatures)
- too hot- denatures
- too cold- less energy- less successful collisions
effect of pH on enzyme activity
what happens if too hot or cold?
rate increaes until optimun pH before decreasing
- bonds that hold amino chains break- change in shape of active site
what happens if an enzyme denatures?
active site cyhanges shape so substrate can no longer fit in and complete reaction
what do th rib, intercostal muscles and diaphragm do?
ribs- ptection and aid in breathig
muscles- cntrol movement- inhalation, exhalation- between ribs
diaphragm- moves down- increasies vol of chest
main 4 parts pf lungs
trachea- connects mouth and nose- produces mucuc- cillia to move up
bronchus (bronchi single)- mucus and cillia- into lungs
bronchioles- branch off^
alveoli- tiny air sacs where gas exchange happens
how are alveoli adaped for gas exhange
and what takes plac
- good blood supply
- thin wall
- increased surface area
CO2 diffuse out of blood into alveoli
O2 diffuse in to blood- oxygenating
whar type of system is the heart part of?
double-circulatory system
deoxygeenated & oxygenated
process from deoxygenated blood from body to heart
- goes into vena cava
- into right atrium
- into right ventricle through valve
- out of heart through pulmonary artery
- to lungs where oxygenated via diffusion of gases by alveoli
- oxygenated blood- back to heart through pulmonary vein
- into left atrium
- into right ventricle through valve (thicker walls- high pressure to body)
- through aorta to body
- cells use oxygen for respiration
- blood now deoxygenated
where are the pacemaker cells found and what do they do?
- found in right atrium
- controls natural resting heart rate through small electric impulses passed to heart muscles to contract
what are artificial pacemakes
electrical devices used to control irregularities in heart rate
what is the purpose of valves?
to prevent backflow
structure and function of
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
arteries- away from heart
- HIGH pressure
- thick muscular walls
- elastic fibres- stretch
- narrow lumen
veins- toward heart
- LOW pressure
- wide lumen
- valves to prevent backflow
- thinner wals
capilaries- exchange substances
- once cell thick
- short diffuion pathway
what is blood
a tissue
4 components of blood
- Red Blood Cells
- White Blood Cells
- Plasma
- Platelets
Red Blood Cells
- bioconcave disc as NO NUCLEUS- ^ sa:v
- cytoplasm contains haemoglobin
- ^ binds with oxygen -> oxyhaemoglobim- red pigment
White Blood Cells
- defends body against pathogens- part of immune system
- these do have a nucleus
- can either:
- engulf & digest pathogen
- produce specific antibodies that bind pathogens to help with englufing
- produce antitoxins to neautrilise the toxins produced
Plasma
what else does it contain? 11
liquid that carries components of blood
- RBC
- WBC
- platelets
- glucose
- amino acids
- CO2
- urea
- hormones
- proteins
- antiboides
- antitoxins
Platelets
clots blood whenblod vessels are damaged to prevent blood loss
wo/ them- excessive bleeding that could be fatal
CHD and its effect
and what causes it
Coronary Heart Disease
- fatty desposits build up in coronary arteries- blocking flow to heart- less O2 to the muscles cells
- complete blockage- heart attack
- diet high of chlorestal and saturated fats
stents
- what are they
- advantages
- disadvantages
- mesh tube inserted into artery- tiny balloon inflated to walls of arteyr- widening lumen- balloon removed
- reduces risk of heart disease, long lasting, minor sugery
- risk of blood clots, risk of infection and/or damage to blood vessels during surgery
statins
- what are they
- advantages
- disadvantages
- drugs that reduce chloresterol in blood
- reduces risk of CHD, increases HDL (good ^) which remove LDL (bad)
- taken regulary for long term, takes some time to work, side effect
issue with faulty valves
- leaky or wonnt open fully
- reduces the effectiveness if the blood being punped by heart
biological vs mechanical
advantages and disadvantges
biological
- effective, less likely to leak
- need to be replaced after some time
mechanical
- long lasting, less need to replace
- increased risk of blood vlots- anticoagulants
artifical heart transplants
advnatges and disadvantages
- shorter waiting time, less chance of rejection
- not work as well, increases risk of blood clot- can lead to a stroke
what is health
state of mental and physical wellbeing
what are causes/ factors for ill health?
and how can these effect individual
- disease
- diet
- stress
- life situations
- , poorer quality of life/ reduced lifespan
- cost of healthcare and other finacial expenses- but may be unable to wokr
commuicable diseases
caused by pathogens which can spread
non-communicable diseases
not caused by pathogens and not spread- tend to obem ore long lasting
how can these:
- defects in the immune system
- viruses living in cells
- immune reaction initially caused bby pathogens
- sevre ill health
negatively effect health
- individual more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
- can be trigger for cancer
- can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
- lead to depression and other mental illnesses
what are risk factors for non-communicable diseases
aspects of persons lifestyle or substances in person’s body or environment
cardiovascular disease
causal mechanisms
- diet with lots of LDL-> arteries blocked -> ^ blood pressure
- smoking damages walls of arteries
- excersise lowers blood pressure- reducing strain on heart
liver and brain function
casual mechanisms
- alcohol -> fatty liver -> liver failure
- alcohol -> damage nerve cells in brain
type 2 diabetes
causal mechanisms
- obesity affects the metabolism- fat molecules released into blood effecting cells uptake of sugar
lung diseas and lung cancer
casual mechanisms
- smoking -> damges cells in lining of lungs
pregnancy
casual mechanisms
- smoking & alcohol-> damaging effects on unborn child
cancer
casual mechanisms
carcinogens -> ionising radiationon which can lead to cancers
what is cancer a result of
result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrollabe growth and divison
mutaton
benign tumours
- growth of abnormal cells contained in one area usuak=lly within a membrane
- NOT CANCEROUS
- they do not invade other areas
benevolent
malignant tumours
- cancer
- invade neibouting tissues and spread in blood
- can cause secondary tumours
risk factors for cancer
- smoking- lung, mouth, bowel, stomach, cervical
- obesity- bowel, liver, kidney
- UV light- skin cancer
- viral infection- cervical cancer from HPV
- can inherit genes which increase likelihood
upper epidermal tissue
thin and transparent to allow light to enter to palisade mesophyll beneath
waxy cuticle
protective layer ontop of leaf- prevents water loss
palisade mesophyll
below upper epidermis
packed with chloroplasts to absorb more light for photosynthesis
spongy mesophyll
below palisade mesophyll
contains internal air spaces that increase surface area to vol ration for diffusion of gases
lower epidermis layer
bottom
contains guard cells and stomata
guard cells
absorb and loose water
^ controls opening of stomata to allow CO2 diffuse in, O2 out
stomata
where gas exchange takes place
xylem and how is it adapted for its function
- transports water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves
- hollow tubes strengthened by lignin- strong and waterproof
- dead cells- continous tube
transpiration steam
phloem and how is it adapted for its function
- transports dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant
- tubes of enlongated cells with holes in cell walls- sieve plates
- man organelles missing from cells so cell sap can more through
translocation
where is xylem amd phloem- like in diagrams
xylem INSDIE
phloem OUTSIDE
factors that affect rate of transpiration
- air movement- i -> i - removed water vapour from air surrounding- concentration gradient
- humidity- i -> d - meaure of moisture in air, concentration gradient less
- light intensity- i -> i - guard cells responive to light- i -> turgid and open stomata
- temperature- i -> i -more kinetic energy- transpiration moves faster
guard cells
availability of water
and walls
- high- TURGID- open
- low- FLACCID- close
- thin outer
- thick outer
why are the stomata and guard cells on underside of leaf?
allows gas exchange while minimising water loss by evapouration as shaded and cooler
