Organisation Flashcards
What is the order of organisation in living organisms?
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
Name the three types of tissues and their functions
- Muscular: Movement.
- Glandular: Secretes enzymes/hormones.
- Epithelial: Covers surfaces.
What is the main function of the digestive system?
Breaks down large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules for absorption.
What is the function of bile, and where is it produced?
Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats; produced in the liver.
What enzymes are involved in digestion and what do they break down?
• Amylase: Starch → Maltose.
• Protease: Proteins → Amino acids.
• Lipase: Lipids → Glycerol + Fatty acids.
Describe the “lock-and-key” model of enzyme action.
Enzymes are specific to substrates; the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme’s active site.
What happens to enzymes if the temperature or pH is too high or low?
Enzymes denature and lose their function.
What is a double circulatory system?
Blood flows through the pulmonary circuit (to lungs) and systemic circuit (to the body).
What are the four main components of blood and their functions?
- Red blood cells: Carry oxygen.
- White blood cells: Fight infection.
- Platelets: Help blood clot.
- Plasma: Transports nutrients, CO₂, hormones.
Name four risk factors for non-communicable diseases.
Smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, and poor diet.
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?
• Benign: Non-cancerous, doesn’t spread.
• Malignant: Cancerous, can spread.
What do the xylem and phloem transport in plants?
• Xylem: Water and minerals (transpiration).
• Phloem: Food (translocation).
What are the adaptations of a leaf for photosynthesis?
Large surface area, thin, lots of chloroplasts, stomata for gas exchange.
