Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology > organisation > Flashcards

organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to enzymes when temperatures are 40 degrees + ?

A

~They denature
~Active sites alter shape
~Substrate and enzyme no longer fit together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Benedict’s solution test for?

A

Sugars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What colour does Benedict’s solution become when sugar is present?

A

Green, yellow or brick red.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration.

A

~Light intensity
~Temperature
~Humidity
~Air flow/wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name 3 substances the circulatory system is responsible for transporting.

A

~Oxygen
~Water
~CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Do arteries carry blood under high or low pressure?

A

High pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 3 side effects of statins?

A

~Headaches
~Memory loss
~Liver damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do statins reduce the risk of?

A

~Strokes
~Heart attacks
~Heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does oxygen move into the blood?

A

By diffusion ( moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 2 ways capillaries are adapted to exchange oxygen?

A

~Permeable walls.
~One cell thick which increases the rate of diffusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

It carries oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and removes waste products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the first part of the double circulatory system?

A

Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs for gas exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the second part of the double circulatory system?

A

Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium, then into the left ventricle which pumps it around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the muscular walls of the heart provide?

A

A strong heartbeat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are the muscular walls of the left ventricle thicker?

A

As more blood has to be pumped all around the body, not just to the lungs like in the right ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does the heart have 4 chambers?

A

To separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do valves prevent?

A

Blood from flowing backwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do coronary arteries provide the heart with?

A

Its own oxygenated blood supply.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does blood flow through to get into the right atrium?

A

The vena cava.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does blood flow through to get to the left atrium?

A

The pulmonary vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why does the atria contract?

A

To force blood into the ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens when the right ventricle contracts?

A

It pushes blood to the pulmonary artery so it can be taken to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens when the left ventricle contracts?

A

It pushes blood into the aorta so it can be taken all around the body and valves close.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

An electrical device that produces a signal causing the heart to beat at a normal speed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Arteries carry blood…
Away from the heart.
26
Layers of muscles in arteries…
Make them strong.
27
What do elastic fibres in arteries allow them to do?
Stretch.
28
What do elastic fibres in arteries help them to withstand?
High pressure created by the heart pumping.
29
Veins carry blood…
Towards the heart.
30
What are lumen in veins?
The tube blood flows through.
31
Why are lumen wide in veins?
To allow the low pressure blood to flow through.
32
Do veins have valves?
Yes.
33
What do capillaries allow blood to do?
Flow very close to cells to enable substances to move between them.
34
Why do capillaries have permeable walls?
So substances can move across them.
35
How do you calculate rate of blood flow?
Volume of blood / number of minutes.
36
What is coronary heart disease?
When coronary arteries that provide blood to the heart become blocked by fatty material.
37
What do blocked coronary arteries result in?
Less blood flowing to the heart so the oxygen supply is reduced (may lead to a heart attack).
38
What are stents and statins used to treat?
Coronary heart disease.
39
What are stents?
Metal mesh tubes inserted in arteries which keep arteries open to allow blood to flow through.
40
What are 2 advantages of stents?
~They can lower the risk of a heart attack ~Recovery time from surgery is quick
41
What are we disadvantages of stents?
~Infection and heart attacks could occur during the procedure ~Blood clots may form near the stents (thrombosis)
42
What are statins?
Drugs that reduce the levels of LDL (bad cholesterol).
43
What do statins increase?
The levels of HDL (good cholesterol).
44
What do statins slow down?
The rate of LDL deposited.
45
What are 3 disadvantages of statins?
~They must be taken continuously (inconvenient) ~Can produce side effects ~May not have an immediate effect
46
What is a faulty valve?
A heart valve that becomes stiff so it cannot open or is damaged so it leaks.
47
What happens when a faulty valve leaks?
Blood flows in the wrong direction meaning the heart is less efficient.
48
What are the 2 treatments for a faulty valve?
~Replacing it with a biological valve (pigs or cattle) ~Replacing it with a mechanical valve (man made)
49
How long does a biological valve usually last for?
12-15 years.
50
What is a disadvantage of a mechanical valve?
Constant medication must be taken with it to stop blood from clotting around the valve.
51
What is heart failure solved by?
A heart transplant.
52
When are artificial hearts used?
When a transplant isn’t available.
53
Why are artificial hearts less likely to be rejected?
As the immune system doesn’t recognise metal and plastic as foreign.
54
What are 2 disadvantages of artificial hearts?
~Mechanical parts could wear out ~The motor could fail
55
What do blood thinners prevent?
Blood clots that could lead to strokes.
56
What is the trachea?
A windpipe where air moves through.
57
What do the intercostal muscles do?
Contract and relax to ventilate the lungs.
58
What are bronchi for?
Air moves into them and they lead to each lung.
59
What are bronchioles?
Bronchi split into these and air moves in.
60
What are alveoli?
Air sacs where gaseous exchange occurs and bronchioles lead to them.
61
What does the diaphragm do?
Separates the lungs and digestive organs and moves down causing inhalation.
62
Why are alveoli small and arranged in clusters?
To create a large surface area for diffusion to take place over.
63
What do capillaries provide and maintain?
Provide a large blood supply, maintaining the concentration gradient.
64
Why do alveoli have thin walls?
For a short diffusion pathway.
65
How do you calculate breathing rate?
Number of breaths / number of minutes.
66
In gas exchange, what happens to alveoli upon inhalation?
They fill with oxygen.
67
Why is blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli deoxygenated(
As it is from the pulmonary artery.
68
What does oxygen diffuse down in gas exchange to get into the capillary bloodstream?
It’s concentration gradient.
69
CO2 diffuses down its concentration gradient from the blood…
To the alveoli.
70
What is plasma?
The liquid that carries the components in the blood.
71
What do red blood cells carry?
Oxygen molecules from the lungs to all the cells in the body.
72
Why are red blood cells a biconcave disk shape?
For a large surface area.
73
Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?
For more space to carry oxygen.
74
What red pigment do red blood cells contain?
Haemoglobin which binds to oxygen.
75
What are white blood cells apart of?
The immune system.
76
What is the immune system?
The body’s defense against pathogens.
77
What are three 3 different functions of white blood cells?
1. Produce antibodies 2. Engulf and digest pathogens 3. Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins
78
What do platelets help the blood to do?
To clot at the site of a wound.
79
What happens when a clot forms a scab?
It allows new skin to grow while preventing microorganisms from entering.
80
What are platelets?
Small fragments of cells.
81
What is the epidermal tissue?
A tissue that covers the whole plant and has a waxy cuticle which prevents water from moving out.
82
What does the epidermal tissue/waxy cuticle help to reduce?
Water loss by evaporation.
83
What is the palisade mesophyll tissue?
A tissue located underneath the epidermal tissue which has lots of chloroplasts so photosynthesis can happen quickly.
84
What is the spongy mesophyll tissue?
A tissue located underneath the palisade mesophyll tissue which has lots of air spaces that allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells.
85
What is the meristematic tissue?
A tissue found at the tip of shoots and roots that is able to differentiate into different types of plant cells which allows the plant to grow.
86
Where are phloem and xylem found?
In the roots, stems and leaves.
87
What are the end walls in phloem called?
Sieve plates.
88
What is translocation?
The movement of food substances made in the leaves up and down the phloem for immediate use or storage.
89
What do dead cells joined together in the xylem create?
A continuous tube.
90
What are xylem strengthened by?
Lignin with holes in them called bordered pits.
91
What do xylem allow the movement of?
Water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves.
92
What is transpiration?
Loss of water and is a consequence of gaseous exchange as the stomata are open so this can occur.

biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions