infection and response Flashcards
What do viruses cause the cell it invades to do?
Burst and release the virus copies made inside into the bloodstream.
What makes a person feel ill with a virus?
The cell damage.
Bacteria multiply very quickly through…
Binary fission.
What do bacteria produce that can damage cells?
Toxins.
What does parasitic mean?
A pathogen uses humans or animals as their host.
What can fungi be?
~Single celled
~Or have a body made of hyphae
What are hyphae?
Thread like structures.
What can fungi produce that can be spread to other organisms?
Spores.
What is phagocytosis?
The process of engulfing and consuming pathogens.
How does phagocytosis protect you?
It destroys the pathogen which means you no longer feel ill.
What does a pathogen’s antigen bind to?
A specific, complimentary antibody.
What happens when a pathogen’s antigen and its antibody bind?
The pathogens clump together making it easier for white blood cells to find them.
What do antitoxins do?
Neutralise the toxins released by pathogens.
What do lymphocytes and tumour cells combine to make?
A hybridoma cell.
What can a hybridoma do?
Divide to produce clones of itself, which all produce the same antibody.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Identical antibodies, produced from the same immune cell.
What are monoclonal antibodies used to target?
Chemicals and cells in the body.
Why can monoclonal antibodies target specific things in the body?
As they only bind to one protein antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies only bind to specific cells meaning…
Healthy cells are not affected.
As monoclonal antibodies are produced from mice lymphocytes, they often trigger…
An immune response when used in humans.
What are two disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?
~It is difficult to attach them to drugs
~They are very expensive to develop
What is a lymphocyte?
A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies but cannot divide.
