Organisation Flashcards
Size from smallest to biggest
tissue, organ system, cell, organ, organism
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Tissue
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function (could include more than one type of cell)
Organ
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
Organ system
A group of organs working together to perform a specific funtion
organism
An indivdual plant, animal or single-celled organism
Enzymes
A catalyst
increase the speed of useful chemical reaction in the body
It’s shape will not change and it will not be used up
What are enzymes made of
They are large protein
Chains of amino acids
Name the area where substances blind into enzymes
Active site
(have a unique shape)
Conditions reqired for enzymes to do they best
Temperature (higher temp increase the rate, not too hot, optimum temp)
pH
if one of them is too higher or low and not inside the optimum temp pH, the shape at the active site will change and the enzymes will become denatures it)
Double circulatory system
Two circuits joined together (left and right ventricles)
Right ventricle
Pump deoxygenated blood to the lung to take in oxygen. The blood then returns to the heart
Left ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood around all the others organs of the body. The blood give oxygen to the body cells and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out to the lungs again
Valves
Make sure the blood flows to the right direction. Prevent it from flowing backwards
Proteases
Convert proteins into amino acids
Lipases
Convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Bile
Produced in liver
Stored in the gall bladder
Released into small intestine
Carbohydrates
Convert carbohydrates into simple sugars (amylase)
Parts of right side of the heart (deoxygenated blood) 4
Vena cava, right atrium, valve, right ventricle, valve, pulmonary artery (In order, this is how the blood went through the heart)
Parts of the left side of the heart 4 (in order) for oxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein, left atrium, valve, left ventricle, valve , aorta
Coronary artery
Artery supply oxygenated blood for the heart
Pacemaker
A group of cells in the right atrium wall, produce small electric impulse spread to surrounding muscle cells to make them contract
Arteries
Carry the blood away from the heart (high pressure blood), strong, elastic and thick walls by having elastic fibrous and thick layer of muscle
Capillaries
Involve in the exchange of materials at the tissues, thin and too small to see, very close to the cell, permeable wall and only one wall thick
Veins
Carry the blood to the heart (low pressure), larger lumen (middle hole), have valves to prevent the blood from flowing to the wrong direction
3 types of blood vessels
Arteries, Capillaries, Veins
4 types of blood cells
Red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets, plasma
Red blood cell
Carry oxygen from lungs to all cells in the body
Large surface area
Don’t have a nucleus
Contain haemoglobin (where the blood are stored in the cell) +oxy when contained oxygen
White blood cell
Defend against infection
Can change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms, process called phagocytosis
Can produce antibodies and antitoxins
Do have a nucleus
Platelets
Help blood clot
Small fragments of cell, no nucleus
Stop bleeding and stop microorganism to get into the body
Make blood solid
Plasma
Liquid that carries everything in blood
Carries red and white blood cells , platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acid, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, protein, antibodies, and antitoxins
Cardiovascular disease
Disease of heart or blood vessels
Coronary heart disease
When coronary arteries start supply blood to the muscle of the heart gets blocked by a layer of fatty material building up
This caused the artery to become narrow, so blood flow is restricted, and there’s a lack of oxygen to the hot muscle , this can result in a heart attack
Stents
tube that insert inside the artery to keep them open so that blood can pass through, effective long time and recovery time from surgery is quick, but there is a risk of complication during the operation and risk of infection, also the rest of patient fell around blood clot near the stents (thrombosis)
Treatment for Connery heart disease
Stents, statins
Statins
Drug that reduce the amount of bad cholesterol in the blood, slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming.
They can also increase the amount of good cholesterol,
May also help prevent some other disease
Cholesterol essential lipids that the body produce.
Dis:
Long-term drug that must take regularly
May cause negative side effects
Effect isn’t instant take time for it to kick in
Artificial heart
Temporary
Less likely to get rejected by body because it is make out of metal and plastic
Risk of bleeding and inflection during surgery
Part of the artificial heart can fail or be worn out, will cause blood colt and lead to strokes
Have to take drugs to prevent blood colt
Replacing heart valve
Valve can be weaken or damaged by heart attack, infection or old age
It affects the valve so it will not do it job properly, not open or leaks so the blood can go both ways
It could be replaced by both human and mammals (biological) or a mechanical valve
Artificial blood
It is a blood substitute (saline, a salt solution ) which is use to replace the lost volume of blood.
Give patient enough time to regenerate the blood cell they lost
Communicable diseases
Can spread between living organisms
(Bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi)
Non-communicable disease
Cannot be spread
Last for a long time and get worse slowly
Factor that effect your health
Good/balanced diet
Stress
Life situation (availability to medical help or living conditions)
Risk factor
Increase the chances and likelihood for someone to get a disease (some could be directly to one disease)
Example:
Lifestyle (locally, nationally or globally)
Substance in the environment or substance produce by the body
Smoking (lung disease)
Obesity (type 2 diabetes)
Alcohol (liver)
Radiation and exposure to substances (cancer)
Doing these things while pregnant (effect the baby)
Correlation
It is use to identify risk factors but it might not work in some person or type of disease
Cancer
An uncontrolled growth and division of changed cell with result in a tumor (a mass of cell)
2 type of tumor
Benign (not cancerous, stay in one place, grow until there is no room, will not invade other tissues)
Malignant (will grow and spread to neighboring healthy tissues, cells can break off and spread, it cold attack somewhere else in the body and form a second tumor, dangerous , are cancer)
Risk factor for developing cancer
Smoking
Obesity
UV exposure
Viral infection (some viruses)
Genetics (mutated genes)
Epidermal tissue
Cover the whole plant
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Part of leaf where photosynthesis take place
Spongy mesophyll tissue
Transport thing like water or food around the plant
X- food, both ways, translocation
P- water, only one way, transpiration stream
Meristem tissue
Find at the grow part of the plant like roots, can change(differentiate) into any type of plant cell, allow it to grow
Transpiration+stream
The loss of water from the plant
Evaporation and diffusion, mostly happen on leaf
Creates a shortage of water so more water is transported to the part and replaced the loss one
The movement of water to replace the losses one is called transpiration stream
Rate of transpiration
Light intensity (brighter, greater)
Temperature (warmer, faster)
Air flow (better , greater)
Humidity (drier, faster)
A+H higher concentration of water particles outside than inside the leaf
Diffusion happen quickly from high to low concentration
Guard cell
Controlling water loss and gas exchange from the leafs
Open when it sense light, close without light (stomata )
