Cell Biology Flashcards
Animal cell subcellular structures
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
3 difference structures in plants cells
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplast
Bacteria cell subcellular structures
Cell membrane
Cell wall
DNA
Cytoplasm
Plasmid
Mitochondria
Most of the reaction for aerobic respiration take place.It transfer energy that cell needed to work
Rectangle shape is present in the diagram
Cytoplasm
Gel likes substance where most chemical reaction happened, contain enzymes
Ribosomes
Where protein are made in the cell
Cell Wall
Made of cellulose
Supports the cell and strengthens it
Permanent vacuole
Contain cell sap, weak solution of sugar and salt
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis occurs, contain green substance chlorophyll which absorb light needed for photosynthesis
Equation for magnification
Magnification= image size/real size
Cell differentiation
What actually change
Cell changes to become specialised
The cell’s subcellular structure to turn it into different cell that do specific job
Cell cycle/ mitosis
When body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells
Chromosomes
Live inside the nucleus, contain genetic information, 2 each per cell one from each parent
Normal human have 23 pairs of chromosomes
What happens in mitosis
DNA/chromosomes copied and other structures amount increase
The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell and the cell fibers pull them apart
Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes, these become the nuclei of the two new cells
The cell membrane and cytoplasm divide
The two daughter cells are identical
Why do cell undergo mitosis
For growth
To replace damaged cells
Binary fission
Same as mitosis but for prokaryotic cells
What happens during binary fission
• The circular DNA and plasmids replicate
• The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of the cell
• The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form
• The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced, they will have the same circular strand of DNA but varying amount s of plasmids
Diffusion
Spreading out of particles from higher concentrations to lower concentrations
Cell membranes, how thing get in and out of the cell
Osmosis
It is the movement of water molecules across a partilly permeable membrane from a region of highter water concentration to a region of lower water concentration
Factors affecting diffusion rate
Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area
What substances always pass though the cell membrane
Oxygen
Glucose
Amino acids
Water
Active transport
Substances move from an area with low concentration to an area with high concentrartion
This process need energy produce from cell respiration
Concentration gradient
It is when substances going from high to low concentration
Where does gas exchange happen in lungs
The alveoli
2 types of cell
Eukaryotic (have nucleus) animal cell, plant cell
Prokaryotic (don’t have nucleus) bacterial cell
2 type of microscope
Light (can see living cell)
Electron (not living cell, much higher magnification)
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells, find in bone marrow
Example of specialized cell
Sperm cell (reproduction, long tail swim, lots of mitochondria for energy, carry enzymes for breaking into the egg)
Nerve cell (rapid signaling, carry electrical signals, long cover more distance, have branched connections connect with other make a network)
Muscle cell (contraction, long have space to contract, lots of mitochondria energy )
Root hair cell (absorbing water and minerals, big surface area)
Phloem and Xylem cell (transporting substances around the plant, tube joined end to end)
Xylem is hollow in the center, Phloem very few structures
Two stages of cell cycle
Growth and DNA replication
Mitosis
List the adaptations of the alveoli that maximize gas exchange.
- Enormous surface area
- Moist lining for dissolving gases
- Very thin walls
- Good blood supply
