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Biology paper 1 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are cells

A

cells are the basic building blocks of all living things

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2
Q

what is a tissue

A

a tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function

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3
Q

what is an organ

A

an organ is a combination of tissues carrying out a specific function

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4
Q

what is an organ system

A

an organ system is a group of organs working together

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5
Q

what is an organism

A

organ system works together to produce to form a whole living organism

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6
Q

which indicator is used to test for sugars

A

Benedict’s solution

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7
Q

what is the colour change of benedict’s solution when sugar is present

A

from blue/green TO yellow/red

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8
Q

which indicator is used to test for starch

A

iodine

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9
Q

what is the colour of iodine when starch is present

A

blue/black

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10
Q

which indicator is used to test for protein

A

biuret’s solution

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11
Q

what is the colour change of biuret’s solution when protein is present

A

from blue TO pink/purple

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12
Q

which indicator is used to test for lipids

A

add ethanol

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13
Q

what is the colour change of ethanol when lipids are present

A

colourless TO cloudy

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14
Q

what is the main purpose of the digestive system

A

to break down larger insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones, which are absorbed into the blood stream.

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15
Q

what speeds up the process of digestion

A

enzymes

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16
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reaction

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17
Q

what effect do enzymes have on activation energy

A

they lower the activation energy - less energy is required for the reaction to take place

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18
Q

what fits into an enzymes active site

A

the substrate

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19
Q

why won’t an enzyme work for all reactions

A

they are very specific and will only catalyse one specific reaction - if the reactants aren’t complimentary the enzyme will not work

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20
Q

do enzymes have optimum conditions

A

yes - can be temp, pH

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21
Q

describe why and how an enzyme denatures

A

in extremes of pH and temp the enzyme will denature, this is because the bonds holding together the 3D shape of the active site will break and the active site will deform - the substrate then cant fit - the enzyme won’t function

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22
Q

what does amylase break down

A

starch

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23
Q

what is the product of amylase breaking down starch

A

sugars (glucose)

24
Q

what does protease break down

A

protein

25
Q

what is the product of protease breaking down protein

A

amino acids

26
Q

what does lipase break down

A

lipids

27
Q

what is the product of lipase breaking down lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol

28
Q

what are the products of digestion used for

A

to build new carbohydrates and proteins, some glucose is used for respiration

29
Q

where is bile produced

A

the liver

30
Q

where is bile stored

A

gall bladder

31
Q

what type of substance is bile and why

A

it is alkali - to neutralises HCl in the stomach

32
Q

what is a main function of bile

A

emulsifies fats - to increase surface area so the rate of digestion by lipase increases

33
Q

what type of organ is the heart

A

a large muscular organ that pumps blood carrying oxgen or waste products around the body

34
Q

what is the site of gas exchange in a human

A

the lungs - CO2 and O2

35
Q

what is the equation for respiration

A

glucose + oxygen ==> carbon dioxide + water + [energy]

36
Q

what is a capillary

A

a narrow vessel which forms networks connecting veins and arteries

37
Q

what adaptations does a capillary have

A

walls are 1 cell thick - provides a short diffusion pathway - increases the rate at which substances are transferred

38
Q

what is the direction of blood flow in an artery

A

away from the heart

39
Q

does an artery carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

A

oxygenated (except the pulmonary artery)

40
Q

does an artery have a high or low pressure

A

high

41
Q

what is the wall structure of an artery like

A

thick, muscular and elastic also connective tissue for strength

42
Q

do arteries have a wide or a narrow lumen

A

a narrow lumen

43
Q

do arteries have valves

A

no - they have high pressure so dont have backflow

44
Q

what is the direction of the flow of blood in a vein

A

towards the heart

45
Q

is the blood in the veins oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

deoxygenated (except the pulmonary vein)

46
Q

do veins have high or low pressure

A

low pressure

47
Q

what is the wall structure of a vein like

A

thin, less muscular also has less connective tissue

48
Q

do veins have a wide or narrow lumen

A

wide

49
Q

do veins have valves

A

yes - prevents backflow

50
Q

the heart works as a double pump for which two systems

A

the pulmonary circulation and the systematic circulation

51
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary circulation

A

serves the lungs and bring deoxygenated blood to exchange waste CO2 for O2 at the alveoli

52
Q

what is the function of the systematic circulation

A

serves the rest of the body and transports oxygen and nutrients from digestion to the cells of the body while carrying CO2 and other waste products away from the cells

53
Q

why does the systematic circulation have a higher pressure

A

systematic circulation flows through the whole body so it flows at a much higher pressure than the pulmonary circuit

54
Q

where is the natural pacemaker found

A

right atrium

55
Q

if somebody’s natural pacemaker breaks what can the person do

A

artificial pacemakers can be surgically implanted into a person

56
Q
A

Biology paper 1 (4 decks)

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