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Biology paper 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Do bacteria cells have a nucleus

A

no

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2
Q

What do bacteria contain instead of a nucleus

A

they have a single strand of DNA that floats in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

is a bacteria cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic

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4
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell

A

a cell that does not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

how do prokaryotic cells reproduce

A

binary fission - when the cell splits in two

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6
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

a cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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7
Q

are fungus cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

eukaryotic

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8
Q

what organelles are found in an animal cell

A

nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm

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9
Q

what organelles are found in an animal cell

A

nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall

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10
Q

what organelles do plant cells contain that animal cells do not contain

A

vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall

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11
Q

when a cells changes to become specialised what is it called

A

differentiation

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12
Q

what is the function of a Xylem cell

A

transports water through the plant

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13
Q

what is the adaptation of the Xylem cell

A

hollow in the centre the tubes are joined at the end-to-end

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14
Q

what is the function of the Phloem cell

A

transports substances around the plant

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15
Q

what is the adaptation of the Phloem cell

A

pores to allow cell sap to flow, cells are long and joined end-to-end

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16
Q

what is the function of a root hair cell

A

to absorb water from the soil

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17
Q

what is the adaptation of the root hair cell

A

a large surface area to absorb more water

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18
Q

what is the function of a muscle cell

A

to contract quickly

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19
Q

what is the adaptation of a muscle cell

A

long and contains lots of mitochondria for energy

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20
Q

what is the function of a nerve cell

A

to send electrical impulses around the body

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21
Q

what is the adaptation of a nerve cell

A

long to cover more distance, has branched connections to connect a network

22
Q

what is the function of a sperm cell

A

to get the male DNA to the female DNA

23
Q

what is the adaptation of a sperm cell

A

streamlined head, long tail, lots of mitochondria to provide lots of energy

24
Q

in the nucleus of a human cell how many pairs of chromosomes are there

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

25
Q

what do chromosomes contain

A

a double helix of DNA and have a large number of genes

26
Q

which cycle makes new cells

A

the cell cycle

27
Q

what has to be carried out before mitosis occurs in the cell

A

DNA has to be copied/replicated

28
Q

what does undifferentiated mean

A

that a cell has not specialised yet and they have the potential to turn into any other kind of cell

29
Q

are stem cells differnetiated

A

no they are unspecialised cells

30
Q

where are adult stem cells found

A

bone marrow

31
Q

can adult stem cells turn into any type of cell

A

they are undifferentiated but can only turn into certain types of cell

32
Q

what are the three main uses of stem cells

A

replacing faulty cells
making insulin producing cells
making nerve cells

33
Q

what are the positives of stem cells

A

cures patients through the use of stem cells
they are using unwanted embryos from fertility clinics that would otherwise be destroyed

34
Q

what are the negatives of stem cells

A

embryos are human life
expensive to use

35
Q

where are stem cells found in plants

A

in the meristem

36
Q

what are the plant stem cells used for

A

to make clones of the plant
they can be used to grow crops with specific features for the farmer e.g. disease resistant

37
Q

why do multicellular organisms have a large surface area to volume ratio

A

so that all substances can be exchanged

38
Q

where does the gas exchange take place in a human

A

the lungs (the alveoli)

39
Q

how are alveoli suited for gas exchange

A

they have a large surface area, thin walls, and a good blood supply so that gases can be absorbed quickly

40
Q

where does the nutrients exchange take place in a human

A

the small intestine (the villi)

41
Q

how are the villi suited for gas exchange

A

have a large surface area, have thin walls, have a good blood supply so that nutrients can quickly be taken in by the body and absorbed

42
Q

what adaptations do leaves have to increase gaseous exchange

A

the leaf is flattened to increase the surface area for diffusion

43
Q

what adaptations do leaves have to help with oxygen and water diffusion

A

they diffuse out of the stomata, guard cells open and close the stomata, and therefore control water loss

44
Q

what is diffusion

A

diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

45
Q

why is a cell membrane semi permeable

A

cell membranes are semi permeable so that they only let small molecules to get through

46
Q

what is osmosis

A

osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

47
Q

what is active transport

A

active transport is the movement of substances against the concentration gradient, this process requires energy from respiration

48
Q

why do fish have gills

A

to increase surface area for gas exchange

49
Q

how does water move through a fish

A

water enters through the fishes mouth and then goes out through the gills

50
Q

how is oxygen and CO2 transferred through the blood of the fish

A

the oxygen is transported from the water into the blood by diffusion
CO2 is transported from the blood to the water by diffusion

51
Q

why do gills have gill filaments

A

to increase surface area they also have Lamellae on the gill filaments which further increase the surface area for m ore gas exchange

52
Q

what do gills have to help with diffusion

A

a thin surface layer and a good blood supply

Biology paper 1 (4 decks)

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