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Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A
  • break down large molecules of food into smaller, soluble ones so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream
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2
Q

What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?

A
  • food is chewed
  • amylase enzymes released by the salivary glands begin to digest starch
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3
Q

What is the function of the stomach in the digestive system?

A
  • protease enzymes begin the digestion of proteins
  • contains hydrochloric acid which provides the optimal pH conditions for the protease
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4
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A
  • pancreas releases amylase and protease enzymes into the SI which continue the digestion of starch and protein, and begin the digestion of lipids
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5
Q

What is the function of the liver and gall bladder in the digestive system?

A
  • releases bile into the SI
  • gall bladder stores bile
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6
Q

What is the function of the SI in the digestive system?

A
  • walls of the SI release enzymes to continue the digestion of protein and lipids
  • here, small food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream
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7
Q

What is the function of the LI in the digestive sytem?

A
  • here, water is absorbed into the bloodstream
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8
Q

What is the function of the rectum and anus in the digestive sytem?

A
  • rectum stores faeces
  • faeces is released from anus
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9
Q

What happens to the products of digestion after?

A
  • products used by the body to build new carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  • some of the glucose produced is used in respiration
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10
Q

What is an artifical heart used for?

What are the disadvantages of using an artifical heart?

A
  • temporary solution to heart failure while waiting for a heart transplant
  • allow damaged heart to rest
  • increase the risk of blood clotting, not a long-term soltuion to heart failure
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11
Q

What is the key adaptation of the upper epidermis?

A
  • transparent => allows light to pass through to the photosynthetic cells below
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12
Q

What are the pros and cons of biological valves?

A
  • do not need to take drugs
  • do not last as long and may need to be replaced
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13
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • millions of alveoli (huge SA)
  • very thin walls (short diffusion pathway)
  • very good blood supply (maintains steep concentration gradient)
  • moist (gases have to be dissolved to diffuse)
  • ventilation brings in fresh oxygen ad removes carbon dioxide (maintains steep concentration gradient)

===> rapid rate of gas diffusion

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14
Q

How can we test for starch?

A
  • Take the food sample and grind with distilled water using a mortal & pestle; transfer paste to a beaker, add more distilled water, stir to dissolve; filter

1) Add 2cm3 of food solution to test tube.
2) Add a few drops of iodine solution.
3) If starch, iodine: orange => blue-black

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15
Q

How can we test for proteins?

A

*

1) Add 2cm3 of food solution to a test tube.
2) Add 2cm3 of Biuret solution.
3) If protein, Biuret solution: blue => purple/pink

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16
Q

What is the function of the palisade cells?

A

The palisade cells contain many chloroplasts (containing chlorphyll) that absorb the light energy needed for photosynthesis.

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17
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen around the body

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18
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

To defend against pathogens

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19
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Blood clotting at the site of wounds

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20
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries waste products
(Urea, blood cells, hormones, co2, amino acids, glucose)

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21
Q

Do red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

No

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22
Q

How does red blood cells having no nucleus help them?

A

Makes more space for oxygen

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23
Q

What shape is a red blood cell and how does this help them?

A

Biconcave shape which gives a high surface area which helps to carry more oxygen

24
Q

What does oxygen stick to on a red blood cell?

A

Haemoglobin

25
Q

What is the name of the compound when oxygen binds to haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

26
Q

What happens to oxyhaemoglobin once it reaches cells?

A

Dissociates to oxygenate cells and becomes deoxyhaemoglobin

27
Q

Do white blood cells have a nucleus?

A

No

28
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments

29
Q

What is plasma?

A

A liquid that has a pale, straw-coloured colour

30
Q

What is the name of the vessels that deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle cells to enable them to contract?

A

Coronary arteries

31
Q

What type of system is the human circulatory system?

A

A double circulatory system

32
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

They are blood vessels which bring blood into the heart

33
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood enter into in the heart?

A

Vena Cava

34
Q

Where does the deoxygenated blood in the heart empty into once it is in the vena cava?

A

The right atrium

35
Q

Where does blood pass through after it has reached the right atrium? Where does it go after this?

A

The atrioventricular valves and then to the right ventricle

36
Q

What happens in the right ventricle to move the blood?

A

The ventricle contracts

37
Q

Where does the blood move to once it has been contracted in the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary artery

38
Q

Once the blood has got to the pulmonary artery where does it go next and what for

A

Blood travels to the lungs for gas exchange and the blood becomes oxygenated

39
Q

Where does the oxygenated blood come into the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

40
Q

Where does blood empty into once it has come in through the pulmonary vein?

A

The left atrium

41
Q

Where does the blood go after it has flown through the left atrium and what does it pass through

A

The blood goes to the left ventricle once it has passed through the atrioventricular valves

42
Q

When the left ventricle contracts where does the blood travel to and where does it go after this point?

A

The blood travels to the aorta and then to the rest of the body

43
Q

Why are the walls of the ventricles thicker than those of the atria?

A

The ventricles are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart and so need to generate a higher pressure

44
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle much thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle pumps blood around the whole body, whereas the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. The lungs are much closer to the heart so they do not need as much pressure as they are not travelling as far

45
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

To separate the atria from the ventricles

46
Q

Where are the semi-lunar valves found?

A

In the two blood arteries that come out of the heart

47
Q

What are the two sides of the heart separated by?

A

The septum

48
Q

Why is the septum important?

A

It’s stops the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

49
Q

What would happen if oxygenated and deoxygenated blood were to mix?

A

Less oxygenated blood would be pumped around the body

50
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium which form a structure called the pacemaker

51
Q

What is the role of the pacemaker?

A

To coordinate the contraction of the heart muscle which regulates the heart rate

52
Q

Why does a persons heart rate increase when they are exercising?

A

The oxygen demand of the muscle cells increases so blood needs to be pumped around the body quicker

53
Q

How does the pacemaker work?

A

It sends out an electrical impulse which spreads to surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract

54
Q

What are artificial pacemakers?

A

Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in heart rate

55
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker work?

A

The device is implanted just under the skin, with a wire that delivers an electrical current to the heart to help it contract regularly

Biology (6 decks)

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