Organisation Flashcards

Paper 1 - B2

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

To digest food using enzymes and for small food molecules to be absorbed into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main nutrient group digested in the stomach?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the purpose of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

To create acidic conditions for protease enzymes to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

A

To produce enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein molecules that act as biological catalysts/speed up reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the theory for how enzymes work

A

‘lock and key’ theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name two places in the body where the amylase enzyme is produced

A

salivary glands and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where in the body is the protease enzyme
produced?

A

In the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where in the body is the lipase enzyme produced?

A

Small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which molecule is broken down by amylase? What are the products?

A

Starch into simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which molecule is broken down by lipase? What are the products?

A

Lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which molecule is broken down by protease? What are the products?

A

Proteins into amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

Making new molecules (and glucose for respiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which organ produces bile and which organ stores it?

A

Produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What effect does bile have on stomach acid?

A

It neutralises it because it is alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

A

It emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area so the lipase enzyme can work at a faster rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the test for sugars in food and state the colour change for a positive test

A

Benedict’s solution; blue to brick-red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the test for starch in food and state the colour change for a positive test

A

Iodine solution; brown to blue-black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the test for protein in food and state the colour change for a positive test

A

Biuret solution; pale blue to lilac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What chemical can be used to test for fats in food? What will happen in the test if fats are present?

A

Ethanol; solution turns cloudy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the part of an enzyme which is affected by high temperatures and extremes of pH

A

Active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Protein molecule/chain of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name two factors that affect the rate of an enzyme reaction

A

Temperature and pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to enzymes at very high temperatures and how does this affect how they work?

A

They denature, meaning that the shape of the active site changes and the reacting molecule no longer fits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is meant by a double circulatory system?

A

The left side of the heart pumps blood around the body and the right side pumps blood to the lungs (so blood goes through heart twice for each complete circulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does the right ventricle of the heart pump blood to?

A

The lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

A

Around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle pumps blood all around the body, so the muscle is larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

A

Aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart from the body

A

Vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Name the tube that carries oxygen from the nose to the lungs, sometimes called the windpipe.

A

Trachea

34
Q

Name the tubes that connect the trachea to the alveoli in the lungs

A

Bronchi

35
Q

What is the name of the tiny air sacs in the lungs?

A

Alveoli

36
Q

What is the name of the group of cells in the heart that controls the natural resting heart rate?

A

Pacemaker

37
Q

Where in the heart is the natural pacemaker located?

A

In the right atrium

38
Q

What is the name of the bottom two chambers of the heart and what is their function?

A

Ventricles; to pump blood

39
Q

What is the name of the top two chambers of the heart and what is their function?

A

Atriums; to receive blood

40
Q

Which of the three types of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

41
Q

Which of the three types of blood vessels carry blood towards the heart?

A

Veins

42
Q

Which of the three types of blood vessels is where substances are exchanged between blood and tissues?

A

Capillaries

43
Q

Give two differences between arteries and veins.

A

Arteries have a smaller lumen (hole) and a thicker layer of muscle/elastic tissue in the wall than veins

44
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets

45
Q

What are the substances carried in the plasma of the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide (not oxygen); vitamins; minerals; amino acids; proteins; antibodies; hormones; water etc.

46
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen around the body

47
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To defend the body against pathogens (produce antibodies, antitoxins and carry out phagocytosis)

48
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Blood clotting

49
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to perform their function?

A

Contain haemoglobin; no nucleus; biconcave disc shape; small & can change shape

50
Q

How does coronary heart disease start in the body?

A

Layers of fatty material build up in the coronary arteries

51
Q

Name the arteries that become blocked in heart disease

A

Coronary arteries

52
Q

Name the mechanical device that can be used to keep the coronary arteries open to treat heart disease.

A

A stent

53
Q

How can a blocked coronary artery lead to heart disease?

A

The heart muscle is starved of oxygen and can no longer respire

54
Q

Name the drugs used to reduce blood cholesterol and slow down the rate that fatty material is deposited in the arteries

A

Statins

55
Q

What problems might be caused by a leaky heart valve?

A

Blood flow/heart pumping may be inefficient; backflow of blood through the heart

56
Q

When might patients need an artificial heart?

A

When they have heart failure and are waiting for a donor organ

57
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of a heart transplant

A

Advantages: Long-term fix for heart disease - improves
quality of life/prevents death;
Disadvantages: Body may reject the organ; risks of surgery

58
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

59
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that cannot be spread and is not caused by a pathogen

60
Q

List 3 factors that can lead to ill health

A

Poor diet; stress; disease

61
Q

What problem would be seen in a person with a weak immune system?

A

They would be more likely to suffer from infectious diseases

62
Q

What type of pathogen can be the trigger for certain cancers?

A

Viruses

63
Q

What two types of allergies can be triggered by immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen?

A

Skin rashes and asthma

64
Q

What is meant by a ‘risk factor’ for a disease?

A

Something that increases the chance of developing a disease e.g. smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol, carcinogens

65
Q

Which two organs can be affected by excessive alcohol consumption?

A

Liver and brain

66
Q

Which organ is most severely effected by smoking, and what disease can develop here?

A

Lungs - lung disease and cancer

67
Q

What type of disease is caused by chemicals called carcinogens?

A

Cancer

68
Q

What is cancer?

A

Changes in cells (mutations in DNA) leading to uncontrolled growth and cell division

69
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body

70
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

Cancerous growths that invade neighbouring tissues and spread to other parts of the body in the blood forming secondary tumours.

71
Q

Other than lifestyle factors, what else can affect the risk of developing certain cancers?

A

Genetic factors

72
Q

What is the function of the epidermal layer in the leaf of a plant?

A

Transparent layer allowing sunlight through to the palisade cells. Protection and produces the waxy cuticle.

73
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll layer in the leaf of a plant?

A

Main photosynthesising layer. Packed with chloroplasts to absorb sunlight. Near surface of leaf

74
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll layer in the leaf of a plant?

A

Contains air spaces for diffusion of gases into and out of cells of the leaf

75
Q

What is the function of the xylem in plants?

A

To transport water from the roots to the leaves

76
Q

What is the function of the phloem in plants?

A

To transport sugars/products of photosynthesis from the leaves around the plant

77
Q

What is the function of guard cells in the leaf of plants?

A

To control the opening and closing of the stomata to let gases in/out of the leaf

78
Q

Name the process by which water is transported from the roots to the leaves in a plant

A

Transpiration

79
Q

Name the process by which sugars are transported from the leaves around a plant

A

Translocation

80
Q

Name 4 factors that increase the rate of transpiration in plants

A

Low humidity; higher temperatures; increased air movement; higher light intensity

81
Q

Describe the structure of xylem vessels

A

Hollow tubes made from dead cells and strengthened by lignin

82
Q

Describe the structure of phloem tissue

A

Tubes of elongated cells with pores in the end walls so that cell sap can travel between the cells