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Biology AQA Triple > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

Paper 1 - B3

1
Q

Name the four types of pathogen

A

Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes infectious disease

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3
Q

Give three ways in which diseases may spread

A

By direct contact; by air; by water

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4
Q

How do bacteria cause disease symptoms?

A

They reproduce rapidly in the body and produce toxins that damage tissues

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5
Q

How do viruses cause disease symptoms?

A

They reproduce rapidly inside cells, causing cell damage

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6
Q

What type of pathogen causes measles?

A

Virus

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7
Q

What type of pathogen causes HIV?

A

Virus

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8
Q

What type of pathogen causes Salmonella?

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

What type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea?

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

What type of pathogen causes rose black spot?

A

Fungus

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11
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protist

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Measles? And how is it spread?

A

Fever and red skin rash, and is spread by inhaling droplets from sneezes and coughs.

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13
Q

Name the pathogen that attacks the
immune system and leads to AIDS

A

HIV

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14
Q

What type of drugs can be used to treat HIV?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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15
Q

How is HIV spread from person to person?

A

Sexual contact or exchange of body fluids e.g. drug users sharing needles

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Causes a mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves
and affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis

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17
Q

Poorly cooked poultry (chickens) can cause salmonella (food poisoning) in humans. What is done to the chickens to prevent this?

A

They are vaccinated against salmonella

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning and what causes them?

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting; caused by toxins secreted by bacteria

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina and pain on urinating

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20
Q

What was previously used as an easy treatment for gonorrhoea and why does this not always work any more?

A

Penicillin antibiotics; many strains are now resistant to antibiotics

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21
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented?

A

Using a barrier method of contraception e.g. condom

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Rose black spot?

A

Causes purple or black spots to develop on leaves, which may turn yellow and drop early.

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23
Q

Name the vector for malaria

A

Mosquito

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24
Q

Give one way in which the spread of malaria can be controlled

A

Preventing mosquitos from breeding; use of mosquito nets to prevent being bitten

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25
How does the skin help prevent infection by pathogens?
It is a physical barrier
26
Name 3 non-specific body defences against disease
Skin, ciliated cells/mucus, hydrochloric acid in stomach, blood clotting at wounds
27
Name the cells which move mucus out of the airways to prevent infections in the lungs and breathing system
Ciliated cells
28
Name the chemical found in the body which kills bacteria entering via food
Hydrochloric acid
29
Name the system in the body that fights infection by pathogens
Immune system
30
Give three ways in which white blood cells defend against pathogens
Antibody production, antitoxin production, phagocytosis
31
What is phagocytosis?
When white blood cells engulf and destroy a pathogen
32
What are vaccines made from?
Dead or inactive forms of a pathogen
33
What do white blood cells produce in response to a vaccination?
Antibodies
34
How do vaccinations make you immune to a disease?
Stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies so that they can respond more quickly if the same pathogen re-enters the body
35
Why would a vaccination for measles not work on chicken pox?
The vaccination causes the body to make the measles antibody, but a different antibody is needed for chicken pox.
36
Why is it important to immunise a large proportion of the population against a disease?
To reduce the spread of pathogens through 'herd immunity' where there are fewer people for the pathogen to spread between
37
What type of pathogen do antibiotics kill? What type can't they kill?
They kill bacteria but not viruses
38
What type of medicine is penicillin?
An antibiotic
39
What do antibiotics not work on?
Viruses
40
Why are doctors concerned about prescribing too many antibiotics?
Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are emerging, which means that diseases cannot be treated
41
What type of medication might be taken to reduce the symptoms of a viral disease?
Painkillers
42
Why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses?
Viruses replicate (reproduce) inside cells, so it is difficult to kill them without damaging body tissues
43
Why type of testing is carried out in preclinical testing of potential new medicines?
Animal testing, tests on cells/tissues outside the body, computer modelling
44
Name the drug that originated from the foxglove plant and the condition it can treat
Digitalis, used to treat heart problems
45
Name the plant that the painkiller aspirin originated from
Willow
46
Who discovered penicillin and from what type of organism?
Alexander Fleming, from the Penicillium mould (fungus)
47
Name the industry that synthesises (makes) new drugs. What type of organism is the starting chemical often extracted from?
Synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. Chemicals often extracted from plants
48
State three things that all new drugs must be tested for in preclinical and clinical trials
toxicity, efficacy, dose
49
In clinical trials, what is a double blind trial?
Neither the patient or the doctor know whether they are receiving the active treatment or a placebo
50
What is a placebo?
A 'fake' treatment which is similar in look/taste to the real one, but with no active ingredients
51
(Triple only) What is a monoclonal antibody?
An antibody produced from a single clone of cells
52
(Triple only) What is the target protein called, which a monoclonal antibody will bind to?
An antigen
53
(Triple only) What type of cell in mice is stimulated to produce monoclonal antibodies?
A lymphocyte
54
(Triple only) What two cells are combined during the monoclonal antibody production, and what is the name of the resulting cell?
Lymphocyte & tumour cell, makes hybridoma cell
55
(Triple only) What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Diagnosis e.g. pregnancy testing; in labs, measuring hormone levels in blood or detecting pathogens; identifying specific molecules in a cell using fluorescent dye; treating diseases by targeting cells with drugs
56
(Triple only) Why are monoclonal antibodies not yet as widely used as originally hoped?
They create more side effects than expected
57
(Triple only) What are the symptoms of plant disease?
Stunted growth; spots on leaves; areas of decay (rot); growths; malformed stems or leaves; discolouration; presence of pests
58
(Triple only) Give 3 ways in which plant diseases can be identified once the symptoms are known
Gardening manual/website; testing in a laboratory; using testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies
59
(Triple only) What problem is caused by nitrate deficiency in plants?
Stunted growth because nitrates are needed to make amino acids which are needed for protein synthesis
60
(Triple only) What problem is caused by magnesium deficiency?
Chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) due to lack of chlorophyll (also leading to reduced photosynthesis and therefore growth)
61
(Triple only) Describe 3 physical defence responses of plants to resist invasion of microorganisms
Cellulose cell walls; tough waxy cuticle on leaves; layers of dead cells around stems which fall off
62
(Triple only) List two chemical plant defence responses
Antibacterial chemicals; poisons to deter herbivores
63
(Triple only) List 3 mechanical adaptations of plants for defence
Thorns/hairs to deter animals; leaves which droop or curl when touched; mimicry to trick animals

Biology AQA Triple (16 decks)

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