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Biology AQA Triple > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

Paper 1 - B3

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1
Q

Name the four types of pathogen

A

Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes infectious disease

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3
Q

Give three ways in which diseases may spread

A

By direct contact; by air; by water

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4
Q

How do bacteria cause disease symptoms?

A

They reproduce rapidly in the body and produce toxins that damage tissues

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5
Q

How do viruses cause disease symptoms?

A

They reproduce rapidly inside cells, causing cell damage

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6
Q

What type of pathogen causes measles?

A

Virus

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7
Q

What type of pathogen causes HIV?

A

Virus

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8
Q

What type of pathogen causes Salmonella?

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

What type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea?

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

What type of pathogen causes rose black spot?

A

Fungus

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11
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protist

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Measles? And how is it spread?

A

Fever and red skin rash, and is spread by inhaling droplets from sneezes and coughs.

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13
Q

Name the pathogen that attacks the
immune system and leads to AIDS

A

HIV

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14
Q

What type of drugs can be used to treat HIV?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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15
Q

How is HIV spread from person to person?

A

Sexual contact or exchange of body fluids e.g. drug users sharing needles

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Causes a mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves
and affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis

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17
Q

Poorly cooked poultry (chickens) can cause salmonella (food poisoning) in humans. What is done to the chickens to prevent this?

A

They are vaccinated against salmonella

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning and what causes them?

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting; caused by toxins secreted by bacteria

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina and pain on urinating

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20
Q

What was previously used as an easy treatment for gonorrhoea and why does this not always work any more?

A

Penicillin antibiotics; many strains are now resistant to antibiotics

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21
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented?

A

Using a barrier method of contraception e.g. condom

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Rose black spot?

A

Causes purple or black spots to develop on leaves, which may turn yellow and drop early.

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23
Q

Name the vector for malaria

A

Mosquito

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24
Q

Give one way in which the spread of malaria can be controlled

A

Preventing mosquitos from breeding; use of mosquito nets to prevent being bitten

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25
Q

How does the skin help prevent infection by pathogens?

A

It is a physical barrier

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26
Q

Name 3 non-specific body defences against disease

A

Skin, ciliated cells/mucus, hydrochloric acid in stomach, blood clotting at wounds

27
Q

Name the cells which move mucus out of the airways to prevent infections in the lungs and breathing system

A

Ciliated cells

28
Q

Name the chemical found in the body which kills bacteria entering via food

A

Hydrochloric acid

29
Q

Name the system in the body that fights infection by pathogens

A

Immune system

30
Q

Give three ways in which white blood cells defend against pathogens

A

Antibody production, antitoxin production, phagocytosis

31
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When white blood cells engulf and destroy a pathogen

32
Q

What are vaccines made from?

A

Dead or inactive forms of a pathogen

33
Q

What do white blood cells produce in response to a vaccination?

A

Antibodies

34
Q

How do vaccinations make you immune to a disease?

A

Stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies so that they can respond more quickly if the same pathogen re-enters the body

35
Q

Why would a vaccination for measles not work on chicken pox?

A

The vaccination causes the body to make the measles antibody, but a different antibody is needed for chicken pox.

36
Q

Why is it important to immunise a large proportion of the population against a disease?

A

To reduce the spread of pathogens through ‘herd immunity’ where there are fewer people for the pathogen to spread between

37
Q

What type of pathogen do antibiotics kill?
What type can’t they kill?

A

They kill bacteria but not viruses

38
Q

What type of medicine is penicillin?

A

An antibiotic

39
Q

What do antibiotics not work on?

A

Viruses

40
Q

Why are doctors concerned about prescribing too many antibiotics?

A

Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are emerging, which means that diseases cannot be treated

41
Q

What type of medication might be taken to reduce the symptoms of a viral disease?

A

Painkillers

42
Q

Why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses?

A

Viruses replicate (reproduce) inside cells, so it is difficult to kill them without damaging body tissues

43
Q

Why type of testing is carried out in preclinical testing of potential new medicines?

A

Animal testing, tests on cells/tissues outside the body, computer modelling

44
Q

Name the drug that originated from the foxglove plant and the condition it can treat

A

Digitalis, used to treat heart problems

45
Q

Name the plant that the painkiller aspirin originated from

A

Willow

46
Q

Who discovered penicillin and from what type of organism?

A

Alexander Fleming, from the Penicillium mould (fungus)

47
Q

Name the industry that synthesises (makes) new drugs. What type of organism is the starting chemical often extracted from?

A

Synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. Chemicals often extracted from plants

48
Q

State three things that all new drugs must be tested for in preclinical and clinical trials

A

toxicity, efficacy, dose

49
Q

In clinical trials, what is a double blind trial?

A

Neither the patient or the doctor know whether they are receiving the active treatment or a placebo

50
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A ‘fake’ treatment which is similar in look/taste to the real one, but with no active ingredients

51
Q

(Triple only) What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

An antibody produced from a single clone of cells

52
Q

(Triple only) What is the target protein called, which a monoclonal antibody will bind to?

A

An antigen

53
Q

(Triple only) What type of cell in mice is stimulated to produce monoclonal antibodies?

A

A lymphocyte

54
Q

(Triple only) What two cells are combined during the monoclonal antibody production, and what is the name of the resulting cell?

A

Lymphocyte & tumour cell, makes hybridoma cell

55
Q

(Triple only) What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Diagnosis e.g. pregnancy testing; in labs,
measuring hormone levels in blood or
detecting pathogens; identifying specific
molecules in a cell using fluorescent dye;
treating diseases by targeting cells with drugs

56
Q

(Triple only) Why are monoclonal antibodies not yet as widely used as originally hoped?

A

They create more side effects than expected

57
Q

(Triple only) What are the symptoms of plant disease?

A

Stunted growth; spots on leaves; areas of decay (rot); growths; malformed stems or leaves; discolouration; presence of pests

58
Q

(Triple only) Give 3 ways in which plant diseases can be identified once the symptoms are known

A

Gardening manual/website; testing in a laboratory; using testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies

59
Q

(Triple only) What problem is caused by nitrate deficiency in plants?

A

Stunted growth because nitrates are needed to make amino acids which are needed for protein synthesis

60
Q

(Triple only) What problem is caused by magnesium deficiency?

A

Chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) due to lack of chlorophyll (also leading to reduced photosynthesis and therefore growth)

61
Q

(Triple only) Describe 3 physical defence responses of plants to resist invasion of microorganisms

A

Cellulose cell walls; tough waxy cuticle on leaves; layers of dead cells around stems which fall off

62
Q

(Triple only) List two chemical plant defence responses

A

Antibacterial chemicals; poisons to deter herbivores

63
Q

(Triple only) List 3 mechanical adaptations of plants for defence

A

Thorns/hairs to deter animals; leaves which droop or curl when touched; mimicry to trick animals

Biology AQA Triple (16 decks)

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