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biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the stages of cell division by mitosis?

A

The cell grows and increases the number of organelles. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
One set of the duplicated chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
Finally, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide in a process called cytokinesis to form two identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

Digestion and absorption by breaking down large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules

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3
Q

What are the roles of bile in digestion?

A
  • Emulsifying lipids, breaking them up into tiny droplets which have a much larger surface area over which lipase can work
  • Neutralises stomach acid and produces the optimum pH for enzymes
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4
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions

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5
Q

What is the ‘lock and key theory’?

A

The substrate of the reaction to be catalysed fits into the active site of an enzyme. Once in place, the enzyme and substrate bind together. The reaction takes place rapidly and the products are released from the surface of the enzyme

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6
Q

In what conditions would an enzyme denature?

A

In extreme pH or extreme temperature

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7
Q

Where is carbohydrase produced?

A

The pancreas, stomach and mouth (salivary glands)

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8
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Small intestine, pancreas, stomach

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9
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Small intestine, pancreas, stomach

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10
Q

What is the route oxygenated blood takes from the lungs to the body?

A

Lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body

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11
Q

What is the route deoxygenated blood takes from the body to the lungs?

A

Body → vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs

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12
Q

How is a red blood cell adapted for its function?

A

Flattened, biconcave disc shape to ensure a large surface area for efficient diffusion of oxygen. Has no nucleus or organelles to maximise space for haemoglobin so more oxygen can be transported

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13
Q

What are the functions of white blood cells?

A

They are part of the immune system and composed of lymphocytes which produce antibodies and antitoxins and phagocytes which engulf and digest invading microorganisms

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14
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To clot the blood and form scabs while new skin grows underneath

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15
Q

What is the structure of platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells without a nucleus

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16
Q

What are some of the substances carried in plasma?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, antibodies, nutrients, glucose, urea

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17
Q

How are arteries adapted to their function?

A

To carry blood away from the heart under high pressure, they have small lumen and thick walls

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18
Q

How are veins adapted to their function?

A

To carry blood from around the body to the heart under low pressure, they have large lumen with thin walls and valves because the blood can only go in one direction - towards the heart

19
Q

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

A

To exchange substances between the blood and body cells, they have tiny lumen with walls that are one cell thick to allow a short diffusion distance

20
Q

What is atherosclerosis / coronary heart disease?

A

A build up of fatty materials in the arteries that prevent blood flow to the heart

21
Q

What does atherosclerosis / coronary heart disease increase the risk of?

A

Heart attacks and strokes

22
Q

What are some risk factors for heart disease?

A

Smoking, obesity, excessive drinking, stress

23
Q

What is cancer?

A

The presence of a malignant tumour that has formed by uncontrolled cell division due to DNA mutations

24
Q

What is a tumour?

A

An abnormal mass of cells that form after uncontrolled cell division

25
Q

What are the differences between a benign and malignant tumour?

A

Benign tumours are slow growing, rarely spread and can be removed easily
Malignant tumours grow rapidly and can spread to form secondary tumours

26
Q

What are some risk factors for cancer?

A

Smoking, frequent severe sunburns, biological sex, genetics

27
Q

In a leaf, what is the epidermis?

A

It covers the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf to provide protection and secretes a waxy substance to waterproof the leaf

28
Q

In a leaf, what is the palisade mesophyll?

A

The area that contains lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

29
Q

In a leaf, what is the spongy mesophyll?

A

The area that contains lots of air spaces and a large surface area for efficient diffusion of gases

30
Q

What is the process of transpiration?

A

1) Water from inside a leaf evaporates and diffuses out of the leaf through the stomata
2) More water is drawn up from the rest of the plant to replace the lost water
3) This means that more water is drawn up through the roots so there’s a constant transpiration stream through the plant

31
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Light intensity - the brighter the light, the greater the rate of transpiration
Temperature - the warmer it is, the greater the rate of transpiration
Wind intensity - the stronger the wind, the greater the rate of transpiration
Humidity - the drier the area around the leaf, the greater the rate of transpiration

32
Q

How does a guard cell open a stomata?

A

1) When light intensity is high, potassium ions are moved into the guard cells
2) This decreases the concentration of water in the guard cells
3) Water moves into the guard cells by osmosis
4) The cell swells unevenly, as the inner wall is thicker and less flexible than the outer wall
5) The stomata opens

33
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs which reduce the levels of cholesterol in the blood and slows down the rate at which fatty materials build in the arteries

34
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins?

A

Advantages:
- Proven to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease
- No surgery required

Disadvantages:
- Unwanted side effects e.g. can cause liver problems, dizziness and nausea
- It’s not a permanent fix
- You have to remember to take them every day

35
Q

What is a stent?

A

A small tube inserted into the artery to create a new pathway for blood flow

36
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a stent?

A

Advantages:
- No major surgery
- Complications are rare
- Lasts a long time

Disadvantages:
- Blood clots can form
- Stent can collapse
- Surgery is always a risk

37
Q

What is coronary bypass surgery?

A

Coronary bypass surgery redirects blood around a section of a blocked / partially blocked artery in your heart to improve blood flow to your heart muscle. The procedure involves taking a healthy blood vessel from your leg, arm or chest and connecting it beyond the blocked arteries in your heart

38
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of coronary bypass surgery?

A

Advantages:
- Risk of coronary heart disease is significantly reduced

Disadvantages:
- Major surgery

39
Q

What are two ways valves can be faulty?

A
  • The valves do not fully open so the heart has to pump harder to get the blood through
  • If they are leaky, causing the patient to feel weak and tired
40
Q

How can you treat faulty valves?

A

Replacing the faulty valves with a mechanical valve made of metal or a valve from an animal like a pig

41
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of replacing valves?

A

Advantages:
- Mechanical valves can last a lifetime
- Valves from animals do not require anti-clotting drugs

Disadvantages:
- Mechanical valves can form blood clots and patients need to take anti-clotting drugs
- Valves from animals don’t last forever and need to be replaced
- Surgery is always a risk

42
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of being donated a heart?

A

Advantages:
- Permanent solution

Disadvantages:
- Heart shortage with not enough being donated to treat every patient
- Must take immunosuppressants to prevent the heart from being rejected from the patient
- Major surgery

43
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of being given an artificial heart while waiting for a donated one?

A

Advantages:
- Allows the patient’s damaged heart to rest

Disadvantages:
- Not a permanent solution and can only be used for a relatively short period of time
- Increase the risk of blood clotting

biology (7 decks)

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