Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are organs?

A

Organs are aggregations of tissues performing specific functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Organs are organised into organ systems, which work together to form organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The digestive system is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts. Enzymes catalyse specific reactions in living organisms due to the
shape of their active site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are digestive enzymes?

A

Digestive enzymes convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are carbohydrases?

A

Carbohydrases is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates to simple sugars. Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is protease?

A

Proteases break down proteins to amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is lipase?

A

Lipases break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is bile?

A

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It also emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increases the surface area. The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is benedicts test used for?

A

Benedict’s test for sugars. Reducing sugars give a red-brown precipitate with Benedict’s solution. The precipitate takes a while to settle in the tube - you’re more likely to see simply a red or brown colour. If there’s not much glucose present, the final colour may be green or yellow, or orange if there’s a little more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the iodine test for?

A

iodine test for starch. If starch is present the solution will go black/dark blue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Biuret solution used for?

A

Biuret reagent for protein. A purple colour indicates protein is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain how the heart is structured:

A

The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is oxygen transported from and to?

A

It is transported form the lungs to all the cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is carbon dioxide transported from and to?

A

It is transported from all the body cells to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is oxygen transported?

A

Oxygen is carried in red blood cells. Dissolved substances are carried in the plasma.

20
Q

How is blood transported throughout the body?

A

Blood enters the heart through the atria. deoxygenated Blood from two vena cavae enters the right atrium. Blood from the pulmonary veins enters the left atrium. The atria fill, followed by the ventricles. Blood is prevented from flowing back into the atria by heart valves.

oxygenated Blood leaves the heart in the body’s main artery - the aorta - from the left side, and the pulmonary artery, from the right.

21
Q

What is double circulation?

A

Humans have a double circulatory system. The heart pumps blood through two circuits:

the pulmonary circulation
the systemic circulation

22
Q

What does pulmonary circulation do?

A

The pulmonary circulation transports blood to the lungs. At the lungs:

oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli - the blood becomes oxygenated
carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs

23
Q

What does systematic circulation do?

A

The systemic circulation transports:

oxygen and nutrients to the body
carbon dioxide and other wastes away from cells
The systemic circulation is under high pressure - it has to deliver blood to the extremities of the body.

24
Q

Why is pulmonary circulation under lower pressure?

A

The pulmonary circulation is under lower pressure, because:

blood is delivered to the lungs only, which are very close to the heart
in a healthy person, this lower pressure is optimum for the diffusion of gases

25
Q

What is the pacemaker?

A

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker. Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in
the heart rate.

26
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended.

27
Q

What happens in coronary heart disease?

A

In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle. Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open. Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.

28
Q

What happens when there is a faulty valve?

A

In some people heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a leak. Students should understand the consequences of faulty valves. faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical
valves.

29
Q

What happens where there is heart failure?

A

In the case of heart failure a donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted. Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.

30
Q

What does defects in an immune system mean?

A

Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.

31
Q

What risk factors are linked to an increased rate of a disease?

A
  • aspects of a person’s lifestyle
  • substances in the person’s body or environment.
32
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other
parts of the body.

33
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Malignant tumour cells are cancers. They invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours

34
Q

What is the structure and function of palisade mesophyll

A

The palisade mesophyll layer of the leaf is adapted to absorb light efficiently. The cells:

are packed with many chloroplasts
are column-shaped and arranged closely together
towards the upper surface of the leaf

35
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from leaves by evaporation through the stomata.

36
Q

What is the function and structure of spongy mesophyll?

A

Spongy mesophyll tissue is packed loosely for efficient gas exchange. The spongy mesophyll cells are covered by a thin layer of water. Gases dissolve in this water as they move into and out of the cells.

When the plant is photosynthesising during the day, these features allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the spongy mesophyll cells, and oxygen to diffuse out of them.

37
Q

What is the function and structure of Xylem?

A

The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots up the plant stem and into the leaves.

In a mature flowering plant or tree, most of the cells that make up the xylem are specialised cells called vessels.

38
Q

What are Xylem vessels?

A

Lose their end walls so the xylem forms a continuous, hollow tube.
Become strengthened by a chemical called lignin. The cells are no longer alive. Lignin gives strength and support to the plant. We call lignified cells wood.

39
Q

What is the function and structure of phloem?

A

The phloem moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis to where they are needed for processes such as:

growing parts of the plant for immediate use
storage organs such as bulbs and tubers
developing seeds.
Transport in the phloem is therefore both up and down the stem. Transport of substances in the phloem is called translocation. Phloem consists of living cells. The cells that make up the phloem are adapted to their function:

40
Q

What is translocation?

A

The transport of dissolved material within a plant

41
Q

What are sieve tubes?

A

Sieve tubes - specialised for transport and have no nuclei. Each sieve tube has a perforated end so its cytoplasm connects one cell to the next.

42
Q

What are companion cells?

A

Companion cells - transport of substances in the phloem requires energy. One or more companion cells attached to each sieve tube provide this energy. A sieve tube is completely dependent on its companion cell(s).

43
Q

Comparison of transport in the xylem and phloem

A

Xylem-Type of transport is Physical process. Substances transported is Water and minerals. Direction of transport is Upwards

Phloem - type of transportation requires energy. substances transported -Products of photosynthesis; includes sugars and amino acids dissolved in water
direction of transport - upwards and downwards

44
Q

What are Meristems?

A

Meristems are found at the tips of roots and shoots. Here, unspecialised stem cells undergo a type of cell division called mitosis. This does not occur in other parts of the plants. In all other parts of plants, cells can only become bigger in a process called cell elongation.

45
Q

What is the role of stomata and guard cells?

A

The role of stomata and guard cells are to control gas exchange and water loss.

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions