Organisation Flashcards
What are examples of specialised cells?
Sperm, muscle, nerve.
List the key features of a sperm cell and how it helps it.
Tell - propels it.
Mitochondria - for growth and energy.
Nucleus - contains one set of genetic material (23 chromosomes).
Acrosome - contains digestive enzymes to break into an egg.
List the key adaptations of muscle cells.
Protein fibres that can contract.
Lots of mitochondria which aids movement.
What is the purpose of the xylem?
Distributes water and dissolved minerals upwards through the plant.
What are the adaptations to the xylem?
They are hollow to transport substances.
The cell wall of the cell is strengthened by lignin.
What is the purpose of the phloem?
Carries food downwards from the leaves to the roots.
What are the adaptations of the phloem?
They have a ‘companion’ cell for support.
The end of the walls allow sugars through, yet still maintain support.
List the adaptations of a root hair cell.
Lots of mitochondria for active transport of minerals from the soil.
Long projection to increase surface area so a larger surface of the cell can absorb the minerals from the soil.
What is a tissue?
A group of specialised cells which serve a specific purpose.
What is an organ?
A group of tissues, which all works together to perform a specific job.
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together to do a bodily function.
What are examples of organ systems?
Circulatory, endocrine, nervous.
What is an organism?
Lots of organ systems which work together to make an organism.
What is an example of a type of tissue?
Epithelial - covers all parts of the body.
Glandular - can produce substances such as hormones and enzymes.
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts, which speed up the digestion of an organism by creating an alternate pathway.
What food types does carbohydrase break down?
Carbohydrates.
What type of enzyme is amylase?
A carbohydrase.
What does protease break down?
Proteins.
What does lipase break down?
Fats/lipids.
Where is amylase made?
Salivary glands, pancreas.
Where is protease made?
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.
Where is lipase made?
Pancreas and small intestine.
In what organ are all enzymes made?
Pancreas.
Which two enzymes are made in the small intestine?
Protease, lipase.
Which is the only enzyme found in the stomach?
Protease.
What is starch needed for?
Energy (a long term store).
Which enzyme breaks down starch?
Amylase.
What is starch broken down into?
Simple sugars like maltose, sucrose and glucose.
What reagent is used to test for starch?
Iodine.
Iodine solution turns black in the presence of what?
Starch.
What colour does iodine turn in the presence of starch?
Black.
The reagent makes the food turn green and brick red. What type of food is this and what reagent is used?
Sugary/glucose.
Benedicts Solution.
Benedict’s Solution tests for what?
Glucose.
If a lot of glucose is present in a food, what colour will it turn in the presence of Benedict’s Solution?
Brick red.
What is glucose needed for?
Energy.
What reagent is used to test for lipids?
Ethanol.
Which reagent makes the food turn cloudy with a greasy film over the top?
Ethanol.
What is the positive result for fats?
Cloudy, with an oily layer.
What reagent is used to test for proteins?
Biuret Solution.
What colour will the food turn in the presence of protein?
Purple.
A reagent is used on the food and it stays blue. What reagent was used?
Biuret Solution.
List adaptations of the trachea (windpipe).
Cartilage rings to prevent it from collapsing.
List adaptations of alveoli.
Large moist surface area, so that gas exchange happens more efficiently.
Very rich blood supply, so it is easier for the oxygen from the lungs to diffuse into the bloodstream.
