Organics Term 1 Flashcards
What is an Aliphatic Hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms joined together in a straight chain
What is an Alicyclic Hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
What is an Aromatic Hydrocarbon?
Contains at least one Benzene Ring in the structure (ring of C6H6)
What is a Position / structural Isomer?
A molecule with the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula as a a certain organic molecule.
What is a functional group isomer?
Different functional group to a certain organic molecule - different chem. properties, different physical properties.
What is the functional group of alcohols?
OH
suffix = -ol
What is the functional group of aldehydes?
C double bond 0
¦
H
suffix = -al
What is the functional group of ketones?
-c-
¦¦
o
suffix = -one
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
COOH
suffix = -oic aid
What is heterolytic fission?
bond breaks unevenly - one of bonded atoms recieves both electrons- creates charged positive cation and negative anion.
What is homolytic fission?
Bond breaks evenly - each atom recieves one electon from the bonded pair - creates two uncharged Free Radicals
What is a Free Radical?
when an atom has a single unpaired electron, making it highly aggressive and highly reactive.
What is initiation?
When free radicals are produced
What is propagation?
When free radicals are used up and created in a chain reaction
What is termination?
When free radicals react with each other, making a stable molecule.
What does UV light do in a reaction involving free radicals?
UV light splits apart diatomic molecules homolytically, creating free radicals, and beginning the initiation phase.
What are intermolecular london forces?
the weakest type of intermolecular attraction - aka induced dipole-dipole interactions.
What is a homologous series?
a family of organic compounds that have the same functional group, similar chemical properties, but differ by CH2 successively.
True or False - Branched chain hydrocarbons have a much higher boiling point than straight chain hydrocarbons.
False - The more branched a compound is, the fewer surface area interactions there are between molecules, resulting in a lower boiling point overall.
What is the shape of Methane, and why?
Tetrahedral shape, due to the four SP3 bonds between the hydrogen atoms and the carbon atom repelling each other.
What is an example of a sigma (σ) bond?
C-H, or H-H
How are reaction mechanisms shown?
Curly arrows
What is the difference between a full arrow and a fish-hook arrow?
A full arrow shows the movement of an electron pair, whereas a fish-hook arrow shows the movement of a single electron in a reaction.
What is the general equation for heterolytic fission?
X - Y -> X+ + Y-
What is a geometric isomer?
Having two different groups attatched to a C double bond C
What does Cis (Z) mean?
Having the higher priority groups both on one side of the double bond.
What does Trans (E) mean?
Having the higher priority groups on opposite sides of the double bond.
What is the greatest priority atom? (mass based)
Iodine
What is the lowest priority atom? (mass based)
Hydrogen
How is a sigma bond formed?
When the sp3 orbital in carbon overlaps with the 1s orbital of a hydrogen atom to form a sigma bond.
What does electronegativity of an atom do?
The higher the electronegativity of an atom, the more likely it is to attract an electron - e.g. In a C-Cl molecule, Cl has a significantly higher electronegativity than C, meaning that electrons will be closer to the Cl, making C slightly positive and Cl slightly negative, making C-Cl a dipole.
How is a temporary dipole formed?
When electrons are temporarily distributed unevenly in a molecule between 2 atoms due to and exterior electronegative force, making one side of the molecule more positive and the other side more negative.
True or False: Alkanes can form temporary dipoles with other alkanes.
True - while Alkanes are considered non-polar, they can form temporary dipoles, allowing them to be attracted to other alkanes.
