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Chemistry A-Level Robision > Organics Term 1 > Flashcards

Organics Term 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Aliphatic Hydrocarbon?

A

Carbon atoms joined together in a straight chain

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2
Q

What is an Alicyclic Hydrocarbon?

A

Carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure

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3
Q

What is an Aromatic Hydrocarbon?

A

Contains at least one Benzene Ring in the structure (ring of C6H6)

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4
Q

What is a Position / structural Isomer?

A

A molecule with the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula as a a certain organic molecule.

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5
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

Different functional group to a certain organic molecule - different chem. properties, different physical properties.

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6
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

OH

suffix = -ol

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7
Q

What is the functional group of aldehydes?

A

C double bond 0
¦
H
suffix = -al

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8
Q

What is the functional group of ketones?

A

-c-
¦¦
o
suffix = -one

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9
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

suffix = -oic aid

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10
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

bond breaks unevenly - one of bonded atoms recieves both electrons- creates charged positive cation and negative anion.

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11
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

Bond breaks evenly - each atom recieves one electon from the bonded pair - creates two uncharged Free Radicals

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12
Q

What is a Free Radical?

A

when an atom has a single unpaired electron, making it highly aggressive and highly reactive.

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13
Q

What is initiation?

A

When free radicals are produced

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14
Q

What is propagation?

A

When free radicals are used up and created in a chain reaction

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15
Q

What is termination?

A

When free radicals react with each other, making a stable molecule.

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16
Q

What does UV light do in a reaction involving free radicals?

A

UV light splits apart diatomic molecules homolytically, creating free radicals, and beginning the initiation phase.

17
Q

What are intermolecular london forces?

A

the weakest type of intermolecular attraction - aka induced dipole-dipole interactions.

18
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a family of organic compounds that have the same functional group, similar chemical properties, but differ by CH2 successively.

19
Q

True or False - Branched chain hydrocarbons have a much higher boiling point than straight chain hydrocarbons.

A

False - The more branched a compound is, the fewer surface area interactions there are between molecules, resulting in a lower boiling point overall.

20
Q

What is the shape of Methane, and why?

A

Tetrahedral shape, due to the four SP3 bonds between the hydrogen atoms and the carbon atom repelling each other.

21
Q

What is an example of a sigma (σ) bond?

A

C-H, or H-H

22
Q

How are reaction mechanisms shown?

A

Curly arrows

23
Q

What is the difference between a full arrow and a fish-hook arrow?

A

A full arrow shows the movement of an electron pair, whereas a fish-hook arrow shows the movement of a single electron in a reaction.

24
Q

What is the general equation for heterolytic fission?

A

X - Y -> X+ + Y-

25
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A

Having two different groups attatched to a C double bond C

26
Q

What does Cis (Z) mean?

A

Having the higher priority groups both on one side of the double bond.

27
Q

What does Trans (E) mean?

A

Having the higher priority groups on opposite sides of the double bond.

28
Q

What is the greatest priority atom? (mass based)

A

Iodine

29
Q

What is the lowest priority atom? (mass based)

A

Hydrogen

30
Q

How is a sigma bond formed?

A

When the sp3 orbital in carbon overlaps with the 1s orbital of a hydrogen atom to form a sigma bond.

31
Q

What does electronegativity of an atom do?

A

The higher the electronegativity of an atom, the more likely it is to attract an electron - e.g. In a C-Cl molecule, Cl has a significantly higher electronegativity than C, meaning that electrons will be closer to the Cl, making C slightly positive and Cl slightly negative, making C-Cl a dipole.

32
Q

How is a temporary dipole formed?

A

When electrons are temporarily distributed unevenly in a molecule between 2 atoms due to and exterior electronegative force, making one side of the molecule more positive and the other side more negative.

33
Q

True or False: Alkanes can form temporary dipoles with other alkanes.

A

True - while Alkanes are considered non-polar, they can form temporary dipoles, allowing them to be attracted to other alkanes.

Chemistry A-Level Robision (4 decks)

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