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Chemistry A-Level Robision > Module 2 - Foundations of Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 2 - Foundations of Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Plum Pudding Model?

A

The model that proposed that atoms were actually made up of negative electrons floating around in a “sea” of positive charge.

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2
Q

What was Ernest Rutherford’s Gold Foil experiment, and what were the results?

A
  • Directing alpha particles towards a thin sheet of gold leaf, measuring direction + deflection of particles.
  • Most particles were not deflected, some were deflected at large angles, and some were deflected back towards the source.
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3
Q

What are the relative masses of a proton, neutron, and electron?

A

1 for Proton
1 for Neutron
1/2000 for electron (basically 0)

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4
Q

What are the relative charges of a proton, neutron, and electron?

A

1 for Proton
0 for Neutron
-1 for Electron

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5
Q

What is an isotope?

A

A substance with the same number of electrons and protons as a certain element, but a different number of neutrons.

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6
Q

What does atomic number mean?

A

Number of protons or number of electrons of a certain element.

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7
Q

What does mass number mean?

A

Number of protons + Number of neutrons of an element.

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8
Q

What is Relative Atomic Mass?

A

The weighted mean mass of an element relative to 1/12th of a Carbon-12 isotope.

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9
Q

What is Mass Spectrometry?

A

Determining the mass of a molecule or isotope by measuring the mass to charge ratio of ions

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10
Q

How does mass spectrometry work?

A

The spectrometer causes substances to become positive ions, and as they travel down the apparatus they are seperated based on mass and relative charge.

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11
Q

How is mass/charge ratio shown?

A

m/z
m = mass
z = charge of ion (usually 1)

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12
Q

What is the formula for Nitrate, Hydroxide, and Carbonate?

A

NO3 - = nitrate
OH- = Hydroxide
CO3 2- = Carbonate

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13
Q

What is the formula for Sulfate and Ammonium?

A

SO4 2- = Sulfate

NH4 + = ammonium

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14
Q

What is Avagadro’s Constant?

A

number of particles per mole, 6.02 x10^23

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15
Q

what is the formula for mass, mols, and RFM?

A

Mols = Mass / RFM

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16
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The simplest ratio of atoms within a chemical compound.

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17
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The number of each atom that makes up a certain molecule

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18
Q

What is the Ideal Gas Equation?

A 
PV = nRT
P = pressure
V = volume
n = mols
R= gas constant (8.314 J/mol-1 K-1)
T = temperature
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19
Q

How do you convert cm^3 to dm^3?

A

Divide by 1000

e.g. 24.0dm^3 = 24000cm^3

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20
Q

What is the formula linking mols, concentration, and volume?

A

n = c x V

V in dm^3

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21
Q

What does Concentrated mean?

A

large amount of solute per dm^3 in a solution

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22
Q

What does Dilute mean?

A

small amount of solute per dm^3 in a solution

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23
Q

What is a giant structure in a chemical equation?

A

When many atoms or ions join together in a repeating fashion.

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24
Q

What is percentage yield?

A

The percentatge value of desired products created

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25
Q

What is the equation for percentage yield?

A

percentage yield = actual amount of product (mols)/ theoretical amount of product (mols) x 100

26
Q

Why would the percentage yield not be 100%?

A
  • reactants may be impure
  • reaction may be at equilibrium and not complete
  • side reactions may occur, which creates by-products
  • seperation and purification may result in the loss of some of the product.
27
Q

What is atom economy?

A

it describes the efficiency of the reaction in terms of all the atoms involved.

28
Q

What is the equation for atom economy?

A

Atom economy = molecular mass of desired product / sum of molecular masses of all products x 100

29
Q

How can atom economy benefit society?

A

By using processes with higher atom economy, we reduce the amount of chemical waste produced, which is harmful for the environment.

30
Q

True or False - Addition reactions will always have an atom economy of 100%

A

True

31
Q

True or False - Substitution or Elimination reactions will always have an atom economy of 100%

A

False - the atom economy will always be less than 100%, as there is always a waste product.

32
Q

What is the formula for nitric acid?

A

HNO3

33
Q

What is the formula for sulfuric acid?

A

H2SO4

34
Q

What is the formula for Hydrochloric acid?

A

HCl

35
Q

What is the formula for ethanoic acid?

A

CH3COOH

36
Q

What is an Acid?

A

a proton donor with a pH less than 7, typically having H+ ions present

37
Q

What is an Alkali?

A

a proton acceptor with a pH more than 7, typically having OH- ions present.

38
Q

What is the difference between a strong and weak acid?

A

A strong acid fully dissociates with it’s H+ ions, whereas a weak acid only partially dissociates with it’s H+ ions.

39
Q

What are examples of an Acid?

A

nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, ethanoic acid, sulfuric acid, etc.

40
Q

What are examples of an Alkali?

A

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), Ammonia (NH3), etc.

41
Q

What is a substance that can behave as an acid and a base called?

A

Amphoteric Substances - e.g. glycine, which has a carboxyl group that can donate a proton, and an amino acid group that can accept a proton.

42
Q

What is a salt?

A
  • cation usually a metal ion or ammonium ion (NH4 +)
  • anion usually derived from an acid
  • formula of a salt usually same as that of a parent acid.
43
Q

How are salts formed?

A

When an acid is neutralised by a base, e.g.

  • carbonates
  • metal oxides
  • alkalis
44
Q

What do the terms anhydrous and hydrated mean?

A

anhydrous - form containing no water
hydrated - crystalline form containing water
(e.g. copper sulphate can exist as either hydrated or anhydrous)

45
Q

What is the dot formula?

A

shows the ratio between the number of compound molecules and number of water molecules within a crystalline structure.

46
Q

What is a Titration?

A

measuring the volume of one solution that reacts with a measured volume of another solution.

47
Q

What indicator do you use in a titration?

A

Methyl Orange, as it turns red in acidic solutions and yellow in basic solutions.

48
Q

What is an oxidation number?

A

The number of electrons that an atom uses to bond with atoms of another element.

49
Q

What is the oxidation number of an uncombined element

A

0

50
Q

What is the oxidation number of combined oxygen

A

-2

51
Q

What is the oxidation number of combined oxygen in peroxides

A

-1

52
Q

What is the oxidation number of combined hydrogen

A

+1

53
Q

What is the oxidation number of combined hydrogen in metal hydrides

A
  • 1

e. g. LiH

54
Q

What is the oxidation number of a simple ion

A

the same as the charge of the ion
e.g. Na+ = +1
Mg2+ = +2

55
Q

What is the oxidation number of combined fluorine

A

-1

56
Q

What is the oxidation number of compounds

A

if it has an overall charge of 0, the oxidation number is 0

57
Q

What is the oxidation number of molecular ions

A

the charge of the molecule

e.g. CO3 2- = -2

58
Q

What is oxidation

A

The gain of oxygen, and the loss of electrons

59
Q

what is reduction

A

The loss of oxygen, but the gain of electrons

60
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

A reaction in which both oxidisation and reduction takes place

61
Q

True or False: Reduction is a decrease in oxidation number, whereas Oxidation is an increase in oxidation number.

A

True

Chemistry A-Level Robision (4 decks)

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