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Chemistry > Organics Level 3 > Flashcards

Organics Level 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What products are produced when primary alcohols are oxidised?

A

Aldehydes and with a sufficient/ strong enough oxidising agent, will produce carboxylic acid

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2
Q

What is produced when secondary alcohols are oxidised

A

Ketones

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3
Q

Can tertiary alcohols be oxidised?

A

No, do not readily react with oxidising agents

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4
Q

Aldehydes

A

Suffix: “anal” e.g. butanal, ethanal

Functional group -RCH=O

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5
Q

Ketones

A

Suffix: “anone” e.g. butanone

Functional group -RC=OR

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6
Q

Observations when using acidified potassium dichromate

A

is reduced, forms Cr 3+ ion and colour change from orange to green

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7
Q

Observations when using acidified potassium permanganate

A

reduced, colour change from purple to colourless. Forms Mn 2+ ions

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8
Q

Examples of weak oxidants and what can they oxidise

A

Tollen’s reagent. Benedicts solution and Fehlings solution

  • only able to oxidise aldehydes into corresponding carboxylic acid
  • cannot oxidise primary and secondary alcohols
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9
Q

Tollen’s reagent observations

A
  • produced fresh

- colour change from colourless to silver, a silver mirror will form on test tube’s wall.

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10
Q

Benedict’s solution observations

A
  • colour change from blue to brick red copper precipitate

- Cu 2+ ions reduced to Cu + ions.

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11
Q

Fehling’s solution observations

A
  • formed by mixing Fehling’s A and B solutions together.
  • Cu 2+ reduced to Cu +
  • colour change from blue to brick red.
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12
Q

Acid Chlorides and formation

A

Suffix -oyl chloride e.g. ethanoyl chloride
Functional group -C=OCl
Replace OH group from carboxylic acid with Cl in a substitution reaction, catalyst SOCl2 is required

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13
Q

Amides

A

Suffix: anamide
Functional group -C=ONH2
Substitute Cl group from acyl chloride with NH2
-catalyst NH3 and heat is required

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14
Q

Esters

A

Functional group -C=OO
-prepared by esterification
-produced when alcohol and carboxylic acid reacts together or alcohol and acyl chlorides
-catalyst conc H2SO4 and heat is required
Prefix of alcohol chain then -yl and prefix of carboxylic chain then -anoate.
-fruity odours.

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15
Q

chiral molecules

A
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16
Q

enantiomers

A
  • a chiral molecule and its non-superimposable mirror image
  • contains asymmetrical carbon where carbon is attached to 4 different groups.
  • can be distinguished because they rotate plane polarised light in opposite directions.
17
Q

carboxylate ion

A
  • a basic ion of the corresponding carboxylic acid e.g. ethanoate ion
  • carboxylic acid without the H from the hydroxyl group.
  • -1 charge
18
Q

Acid chlorides to carboxylic acids

A
  • add water
  • substitution reaction where Cl is substituted with OH group from water.
  • other product is HCl as steamy fumes turn blue litmus red
  • extremely vigorous reaction
19
Q

polyesters (condensation polymerisation)

A

carboxylic acid monomers joining with complimentary alcoholic monomer to form ester linkages. therefore forms polymers called polyesters.

20
Q

polyamides (condensation polymerisation)

A

Carboxylic acid monomers join with complimentary amine monomer to form amide linkages. therefore forms polymers called polyamides.

21
Q

Ester properties

A
  • Not soluble in water other than methyl methanoate.
  • Neutral
  • complete
22
Q

alcohols with acid chlorides

A
  • produces ester

- reaction is esterification

23
Q

Copper sulfate

A

-reacts with ammonia and amines to give a deep blue copper complex which is soluble in water.

24
Q

Amide properties

A

-complete

25
Q

Aldehydes and ketone properties

A

-complete

26
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • adding water to to break large molecule into two smaller molecules.
  • Dilute acid or base is required as a catalyst.
  • Heat required to speed up reaction
27
Q

Separating funnel

A
  • separates compounds based on solubility.
  • more dense bottom layer can be run off.
  • e.g. separates ester and water where esters are insoluble in water.
28
Q

Distillation

A
  • separating a product from reactants with a different boiling point
  • separated gas then travels through a condensing tube which condenses the gas into a liquid that can be collected.
  • e.g to get aldehydes from primary alcohols
29
Q

Fractional distillation

A

-a much accurate and slower from of normal distillation

30
Q

Filtration

A

-removing solids from liquids

31
Q

Reflux

A
  • speeds up or causes organics reactions to occur without losing volatile compounds when they evaporate.
  • when heat is used to increase rate of reaction, compounds evaporate however, cold water condensation tube turns gas back into liquid, falling back down and continue to react.
  • e.g acid or base hydrolysis of an ester

Chemistry (3 decks)

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