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chemistry 😢🥹 > organics 2 > Flashcards

organics 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the functional group of alcohols

A

-OH

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2
Q

where can the OH be attached on a carbon chain

A
  • either the middle or the end
  • we use a number to show where it is on the atom
  • starts from right to left
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3
Q

describe the method for the hydration of ethene

A
  • ethene gas is mixed with steam (h20) under the following conditions:
  • 300 c
  • 65 atm pressure
  • catalyst of phosphoric acid
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4
Q

what is the raw material used for the hydration of ethene

A

crude oil provides the ethene

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5
Q

what are the advantages of the hydration of ethene

A
  • makes pure ethanol
  • can run continuously
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6
Q

what are the disadvantages of the hydration of ethene

A
  • conditions require a lot of energy
  • non-renewable raw material used
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7
Q

describe the method for the fermentation of glucose

A
  • glucose is fermented microbiologically under the following conditions:
  • yeast (provides enzymes)
  • 30 c enzymes optimum temp
  • anaerobic prevents oxidation
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8
Q

what is the raw material used for the fermentation of glucose

A

sugar cane provides the glucose

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9
Q

what are the advantages of fermenting glucose

A
  • renewable raw material used
  • conditions not energy intensive
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10
Q

what are the disadvantages of fermenting glucose

A
  • makes impure ethanol
  • must be done in individual batches
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11
Q

in what ways can ethanol be oxidised

A
  • combustion
  • microbial oxidation
  • chemical oxidation
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12
Q

describe the combustion of ethanol

A
  • combusts completely because of the oxygen atom in the OH group
  • this results in a non-luminous blue flame
    -C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2Co2 + 2H2O
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13
Q

describe microbial oxidation of ethanol

A
  • micro-organisms such as fungi and bacteria use the oxygen in the air to oxidise ethanol into ethanoic acid
  • this can only happen if aerobically
  • we can represent the microbial use of oxygen in the equation with the [O] symbol
    -C2H5OH + 2[O] -> CH3COOH + H2O
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14
Q

describe chemical oxidation of ethanol

A
  • to oxidise it in a lab we heat it with:
  • potassium dichromate(VI) (K2CR2O7)
  • dilute sulphuric acid ( H2SO4)
  • with microbial oxidation, this forms ethanoic acid and we use an [O] symbol to write an equation for the reaction
  • as this occurs the orange dichromate ions are turned into green chromium(III) ions
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15
Q

what is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A
  • COOH
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16
Q

how is vinegar formed

A
  • its an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid
  • it forms when ethanol in wine undergoes microbial oxidation
  • C2H5OH + 2[O] -> CH3COOH + h2O
17
Q

what is carboxylic acids behaviour as an acid

A
  • they lose their H+ and become negatively charged
  • the name changes from ‘oic acid’ to ‘oate’ in the salt
18
Q

give the equation for carboxylic acids reaction with metals

A
  • acid + metal -> salt + hydrogen
19
Q

observations when carboxylic acids react with metals

A

effervescence: due to the hydrogen gas being produced
- solid disappears: due to the metal being used up in the reaction

20
Q

give the equation for methanoic acid reacting with sodium

A

methanoic acid + sodium -> sodium methanoate + hydrogen

21
Q

give the equation for carboxylic acids reactive with metal carbonates

A

acid + metal carbonate -> salt + water + carbon dioxide

22
Q

observations when carboxylic acids react with metal carbonates

A
  • effervescence: due to the carbon dioxide gas being released
  • solid disappears: due to the metal carbonate being used up in the reaction
23
Q

give the equation when methanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate

A

methanoic acid + sodium carbonate -> sodium methanoate + water + carbon dioxide

24
Q

what is the definition of an ester

A

esters are a family of organic molecules which form when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol join together by losing an H2O molecule

25
Q

what is the functional group of an ester

A

-COO-

26
Q

describe what esters do

A
  • they sit between 2 carbon chains, joining them together
  • doesnt matter what those carbon chains look like
  • they are represented by a question mark
27
Q

what is the equation of an Ester ?

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester + water

28
Q

what are the names called for making an ester ?

A
  • condensation
  • esterification
29
Q

describe the method for making an ester

A
  • mix the carboxylic acid and alcohol together
  • add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid
  • warm it for a while
  • tip the mixture into sodium carbonate solution
  • this neutralises the catalyst which is corrosive otherwise
  • this reaction produces co2 so you wait till the fizzing stops
30
Q

what is the catalyst for making an ester ?

A

concentrated sulphuric acid

31
Q

what are esters used in for everyday life

A
  • they are volatile compounds so they have distinctive smells
  • good for food colourings
  • perfumes
32
Q

how do you chose the correct carboxylic acid and alcohol to make a particular ester

A

draw it out and split it down the middle where the oxygen atom is inline with the carbon chain

33
Q

define a polyester

A
  • a polyester is a polymer made of lots molecules joined together in a chain by ester groups
  • to make an ester you need two types of monomer
34
Q

how do you draw a polyester if lots of monomers join into a long chain repeating themselves

A

you draw a repeat unit of just one of them with brackets round it with the line coming through the bracket

35
Q

when using a repeat unit what is this type of polymerisation called

A
  • condensation polymerisation because each time a monomer joins the end of a chain an h2o molecule is lost
36
Q

how can you create any polyester you want ?

A

by choosing the correct dicarboxylic acid and diol because the carbon chains between the -COOH- and -OH groups in the monomers don’t change

37
Q

how do you work out the stricture of the repeat unit ?

A
  • highlight the OH in the -COOH- groups
    -highlight the H in the -OH groups
  • get rid of them and join what’s left together
38
Q

what are bio polyesters and what are the advantages

A
  • some polyesters are biodegradable
  • microbes such as bacteria and fungi use enzymes to break down the polymer into tis monomers and use them as energy supply
  • this reduces landfill and incineration to dispose of used polyesters

chemistry 😢🥹 (19 decks)

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