organics Flashcards

Question

Alcohols general formula:

Answer 1

Single bonds between carbon atoms

Answer 2

Molecule contains at least one double or triple bond between 2 carbon atoms

Answer 3

alkanes are hydrocarbons, carbon atoms are covalently bonded with single bonds only, they are saturated

Answer 4

alkenes are hydrocarbons, Carbon atoms are covalently bonded with one or more double bonds. They are unsaturated

Answer 5

alcohols are NOT hydrocarbons - contain hydrogen, carbon AND oxygen atoms Carbon atoms are covalently bonded and contain one or more -OH groups.

Answer 6

the solid substance being dissolved

Answer 7

the liquid that dissolves the solute

Answer 8

when a solute dissolves in a solvent

Answer 9

a substance that can dissolve in a solvent

Answer 10

a substance that cannot dissolve in a solvent

Answer 11

two liquids that can dissolve into each other

Answer 12

two liquids that cannot dissolve into each other

Answer 13

easily turns from a liquid to a gas

Answer 14

eg. its 25 in a room but it boils at 30 so the hydrocarbon is just a liquid

Answer 15

Complete combustion Excess oxygen Blue/colourless flame High temperature produced Produces CO2 and H2O only Incomplete combustion Limited supply of oxygen Orange flame Less heat produced Produces CO2, H2O, CO and C (soot) CO harmful - poisonous gas, binds to red blood cells, may cause death C harmful - inhaled, respiratory problems, damages the heart, known carcinogen.

Answer 16

Carbon monoxide is dangerous because it is colourless, odourless and very toxic, since it competes with oxygen for the haemoglobin in the bloodstream. When carbon monoxide is inhaled and enters the bloodstream it binds with haemoglobin instead of oxygen. This causes a lack of oxygen in the cells, and causes body tissues and cells to die, leading to death.

Answer 17

Soot (carbon) produced by incomplete combustion can cause breathing problems and can lead to lung cancer. It also damages the heart.

Answer 18

The carbon dioxide formed by complete combustion of carbon compounds is a major greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming. The resulting rise in temperatures causes changing weather patterns and an associated impact on agriculture, including crop production, melting of the ice caps, a rise in ocean levels as warmer water expands, and loss of some species that are unable to adapt fast enough to the change in habitat.Loss of kelp in Punakaiki on the West Coast of the South Island in 2022 due to increased ocean temperatures.

Answer 19

carbon monoxide soot acid rain

Answer 20

when carbon dioxide dissolves into rainwater this makes carbonic acid so all rainwater is slightly acidic with a ph of 5, 5.5. but when nitrate and sulfate make it even more acidic, acid rain also adds to the acidity of ocean water

Answer 21

a mixture of hydrocarbons over millions of years from dead animals and plants which without oxygen and high pressure and temperatures become an oil and stay liquid in underground reservoirs

Answer 22

a process used to seperate crude oil based on their boiling points

Answer 23

crude oil is heated at super high temps and turned into a vapour, as the vapour rises through little holes in the trays the vapour is exposed to more and more air cooling down the vapour so once the crude oil gets to certain points if the temperature is lower then their boiling point the vapour condenses. larger alkanes with high boiling points condense at the bottoms and lower boiling point alkanes rise to the top more the alkanes put into fractions all have similar numbers of carbon atoms

Answer 24

refinery gases E.g methane, butane, propane these are used for fuels

Answer 25

petrol used as petrol

Answer 26

Naptha, used for hydrocarbon cracking

Answer 27

kerosene, used for jet fuels

Answer 28

disel used for disel

Answer 29

Lubricant oil, used for cars and other machines

Answer 30

fuel oil, used for ships

Answer 31

residue, used to tarseal roads

Answer 32

Joining a large number of small molecules (monomers) together to make a very large molecule.

Answer 33

Needs high temperature, pressure and a catalyst.

Answer 34

breaking long chained molecules into shorter, and more useful, products such as petrol, or to make ethene that can then be made into plastics. The process involves high temperature, pressure and a catalyst.

Answer 35

decane → octane + ethene

Answer 36

C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4

Answer 37

the carbon bond separates and the carbon can make single bonds each side

Answer 38

they are waterproof, insulators, strong but flexible and can be moulded into a variety of shapes which make them useful for things like plastic bags & bottles.

Answer 39

Where two elements react to produce a single, more complex compound

Answer 40

When a compound breaks down into its component elements or simpler compounds.

Answer 41

Reactions that involve the breaking down of a chemical substance by using strong heat.

Answer 42

Reactions that involve the breaking down of a chemical substance using a catalyst

Answer 43

Where two ionic solutions are mixed and an insoluble solid (precipitate) forms.

Answer 44

aluminium iodide

Answer 45

copper oxide

Answer 46

iron chloride

Answer 47

iron sulfide

Answer 48

magnesium chloride

Answer 49

magnesium oxide

Answer 50

sodium chloride

Answer 51

zinc sulfide

Answer 52

These strong electrostatic forces account for ionic solids having high melting and boiling points. It takes a lot of energy to break these strong forces. This is why most ionic compounds are solids at room temperature.

Answer 53

carbon dioxide

Answer 54

sulfur dioxide

Answer 55

Covalent bonds are very strong.

Answer 56

liquids or gases

Answer 57

atoms that share electrons form molecules

Answer 58

atoms that transfer electrons form ions

Answer 59

metal oxide + water

Answer 60

metal oxide + carbon dioxide

Answer 61

metal carbonate + carbon dioxide + water

Answer 62

cobalt chloride paper Blue when it is dry, pink when it is wet/moist

Answer 63

lime water Colourless at the start, cloudy/white when CO2 is present.

Answer 64

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. It provides an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy for the reaction. It is not used up in the reaction and may be able to be reused.

Answer 65

water + oxygen

Answer 66

a + b ----> ab

Answer 67

ab ----> a + b

Answer 68

double displacement reactions

Answer 69

AB + CD ----> AD + CB

Answer 70

the precipitate and the ions that form it!

Answer 71

A precipitate forms because the compound is insoluble, according to the Solubility Rules. If a compound is insoluble, it means that the attractions between the ions is greater than the attraction between the ions and the water molecules.