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organics Flashcards

1
Q

recall atomic structure of carbon

A

Carbon has an atomic number 6 this is because it has 6 protons, as its an atom it contains 6 electrons these are arranged in two electron shells. The first shell contains 2 electrons, while the valence shell contains 4 electrons. and its covalent bonding

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2
Q

define a molecular formula

A

notation used to show the type and number of atoms in a molecule

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3
Q

define Condensed structural formula

A

notation used to show the type and number of atoms in a
molecule, with groups of atoms within the molecule written
separately

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4
Q

define Structural formula

A

drawing of a molecule, showing the type and number of atoms and how they are bonded

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5
Q

methane molecular formula alkanes

A

CH4

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6
Q

methane condensed structural formula alkanes

A

CH4

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7
Q

ethane molecular formula alkanes

A

C2H6

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8
Q

ethane condensed structural formula alkanes

A

CH3CH3

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9
Q

propane molecular formula alkanes

A

C3H8

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10
Q

propane condensed formula alkanes

A

CH3CH2CH3

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11
Q

butane molecular formula alkanes

A

C4H10

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12
Q

butane condensed structural formula alkanes

A

CH3CH2CH2CH3

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13
Q

pentane molcular formula alkanes

A

C5H12

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14
Q

pentane condensed structural formula alkanes

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

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15
Q

hexane molcular formula alkanes

A

C6H14

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16
Q

hexane condensed structural formula alkanes

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

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17
Q

heptane molecular formula alkanes

A

C7H16

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18
Q

heptane condensed structural formula alkanes

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

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19
Q

octane molecular formula alkanes

A

C8H18

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20
Q

octane condensed structural formula alkanes

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

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21
Q

define Homologous series

A

isa family with the same functional groups
E.g alkanes are single bonds, alkenes are double bonds and alcohols have an OH group

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22
Q

define Hydrocarbons

A

molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Examples: alkanes and alkenes.

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23
Q

Alkanes general formula:

A

CnH2n+2

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24
Q

Alkenes general formula:

A

CnH2n

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25
Q

Alcohols general formula:

A

CnH2n+1OH

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26
Q

ethene molecular formula alkenes

A

C2H4

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27
Q

ethene condensed structural formula alkenes

A

CH2CH2

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28
Q

propene molecular formula alkenes

A

C3H6

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29
Q

propene condensed structural formula alkenes

A

CH2CHCH3

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30
Q

methanol molecular formula alcohols

A

CH3OH

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31
Q

methanol condensed structural formula alcohols

A

CH3OH

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32
Q

ethanol molecular formula alcohols

A

C2H5OH

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33
Q

ethanol condensed structural formula alcohols

A

CH3CH2OH

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34
Q

what does Saturated mean

A

Single bonds between carbon atoms

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35
Q

what does Unsaturated mean

A

Molecule contains at least one double or triple bond between 2 carbon atoms

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36
Q

define alkanes

A

alkanes are hydrocarbons, carbon atoms are covalently bonded with single bonds only, they are saturated

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37
Q

define alkenes

A

alkenes are hydrocarbons, Carbon atoms are covalently bonded with one or more double bonds. They are unsaturated

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38
Q

define alcohols

A

alcohols are NOT hydrocarbons - contain hydrogen, carbon AND oxygen atoms
Carbon atoms are covalently bonded and contain one or more -OH groups.

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39
Q

define Solute

A

the solid substance being dissolved

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40
Q

define Solvent

A

the liquid that dissolves the solute

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41
Q

define Solution

A

when a solute dissolves in a solvent

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42
Q

define Soluble

A

a substance that can dissolve in a solvent

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43
Q

define Insoluble

A

a substance that cannot dissolve in a solvent

44
Q

define Miscible

A

two liquids that can dissolve into each other

45
Q

define Immiscible

A

two liquids that cannot dissolve into each other

46
Q

define Volatile

A

easily turns from a liquid to a gas

47
Q

link hydrocarbons room temp to melting and boiling point

A

eg. its 25 in a room but it boils at 30 so the hydrocarbon is just a liquid

48
Q

differnces between complete and incomplete combustion

A

Complete combustion
Excess oxygen
Blue/colourless flame
High temperature produced
Produces CO2 and H2O only

Incomplete combustion
Limited supply of oxygen
Orange flame
Less heat produced
Produces CO2, H2O, CO and C (soot)
CO harmful - poisonous gas, binds to red blood cells, may cause death
C harmful - inhaled, respiratory problems, damages the heart, known carcinogen.

49
Q

effects on human health from incomplette combustion products

A

Carbon monoxide is dangerous because it is colourless, odourless and very toxic, since it competes with oxygen for the haemoglobin in the bloodstream.
When carbon monoxide is inhaled and enters the bloodstream it binds with haemoglobin instead of oxygen. This causes a lack of oxygen in the cells, and causes body tissues and cells to die, leading to death.

50
Q

effects on human health from soot

A

Soot (carbon) produced by incomplete combustion can cause breathing problems and can lead to lung cancer. It also damages the heart.

51
Q

effects on enviroment from combustion products

A

The carbon dioxide formed by complete combustion of carbon compounds is a major greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming. The resulting rise in temperatures causes changing weather patterns and an associated impact on agriculture, including crop production, melting of the ice caps, a rise in ocean levels as warmer water expands, and loss of some species that are unable to adapt fast enough to the change in habitat.Loss of kelp
in Punakaiki on the West
Coast of the South Island
in 2022 due to increased
ocean temperatures.

52
Q

what are three incomplete combustion products

A

carbon monoxide
soot
acid rain

53
Q

how is acid rain made

A

when carbon dioxide dissolves into rainwater this makes carbonic acid so all rainwater is slightly acidic with a ph of 5, 5.5. but when nitrate and sulfate make it even more acidic, acid rain also adds to the acidity of ocean water

54
Q

what is crude oil

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons over millions of years from dead animals and plants which without oxygen and high pressure and temperatures become an oil and stay liquid in underground reservoirs

55
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

a process used to seperate crude oil based on their boiling points

55
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A

crude oil is heated at super high temps and turned into a vapour, as the vapour rises through little holes in the trays the vapour is exposed to more and more air cooling down the vapour so once the crude oil gets to certain points if the temperature is lower then their boiling point the vapour condenses.
larger alkanes with high boiling points condense at the bottoms and lower boiling point alkanes rise to the top more
the alkanes put into fractions all have similar numbers of carbon atoms

56
Q

what is the top fraction of factional distillation

A

refinery gases E.g methane, butane, propane
these are used for fuels

57
Q

what is the second from the top fraction in fractional distillation

A

petrol used as petrol

58
Q

whats the third fraction from the top

A

Naptha, used for hydrocarbon cracking

59
Q

whats the forth fraction from the top

A

kerosene, used for jet fuels

60
Q

whats the fifth fraction from the top

A

disel used for disel

61
Q

whats the sixth fraction from the top

A

Lubricant oil, used for cars and other machines

62
Q

whats the seventh fraction from the top

A

fuel oil, used for ships

63
Q

whats the lowest level fraction

A

residue, used to tarseal roads

64
Q

define polymerisation

A

Joining a large number of small molecules (monomers) together to make a very large molecule.

65
Q

what things does polymerisation need to work

A

Needs high temperature, pressure and a catalyst.

66
Q

define cracking

A

breaking long chained molecules into shorter, and more useful, products such as petrol, or to make ethene that can then be made into plastics. The process involves high temperature, pressure and a catalyst.

67
Q

word equation fro cracking decane

A

decane → octane + ethene

68
Q

Balanced symbol equation for decane

A

C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4

69
Q

how do you draw a polymer chain

A

the carbon bond separates and the carbon can make single bonds each side

70
Q

plastic is a polymer what is it used for

A

they are waterproof, insulators, strong but flexible and can be moulded into a variety of shapes which make them useful for things like plastic bags & bottles.

71
Q

define combination reaction

A

Where two elements react to produce a single, more complex compound

72
Q

define decompsition reaction

A

When a compound breaks down into its component elements or simpler compounds.

73
Q

define thermal decomp

A

Reactions that involve the breaking down of a chemical substance by using strong heat.

74
Q

define catyltic decomp

A

Reactions that involve the breaking down of a chemical substance using a catalyst

75
Q

define precipitation reaction

A

Where two ionic solutions are mixed and an insoluble solid (precipitate) forms.

76
Q

aluminium + iodine ——>

A

aluminium iodide

77
Q

copper + oxygen —>

A

copper oxide

78
Q

iron + chlorine —->

A

iron chloride

79
Q

iron + sulfur —–>

A

iron sulfide

80
Q

magnesium + chlorine —->

A

magnesium chloride

81
Q

magnesium + oxygen —–>

A

magnesium oxide

82
Q

sodium + chlorine →

A

sodium chloride

83
Q

zinc + sulfur →

A

zinc sulfide

84
Q

Metal elements react with non-metal elements to form ionic compounds what is needed for this to occur

A

heat

85
Q

ionic compounds have electrostatic force why?

A

These strong electrostatic forces account for ionic solids having high melting and boiling points. It takes a lot of energy to break these strong forces. This is why most ionic compounds are solids at room temperature.

86
Q

carbon + oxygen →

A

carbon dioxide

87
Q

sulfur + oxygen →

A

sulfur dioxide

88
Q

hydrogen + oxygen →

A

water

89
Q

Non-metal elements react with non-metal elements to form covalent compounds, these need what to occur

A

heat

90
Q

Bonds between atoms/within the molecule are??

A

Covalent bonds are very strong.

91
Q

Most covalently bonded molecules are what at room temperature.

A

liquids or gases

92
Q

define covalent bonds

A

atoms that share electrons form molecules

93
Q

define ionic bonding

A

atoms that transfer electrons form ions

94
Q

metal hydroxide —–>

A

metal oxide + water

95
Q

metal carbonate —->

A

metal oxide + carbon dioxide

96
Q

metal hydrogen carbonate ——>

A

metal carbonate + carbon dioxide + water

97
Q

whats the test for water

A

cobalt chloride paper
Blue when it is dry, pink when it is wet/moist

98
Q

what is the test for carbon dioxide

A

lime water
Colourless at the start, cloudy/white
when CO2 is present.

99
Q

what is a catylst

A

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. It provides an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy for the reaction. It is not used up in the reaction and may be able to be reused.

100
Q

hydrogen peroxide —->

A

water + oxygen

101
Q

combo raction word equation

A

a + b —-> ab

102
Q

decomp reaction word equation

A

ab —-> a + b

103
Q

precipitation rections are also sometimes called

A

double displacement reactions

104
Q

precipitation reaction word equation

A

AB + CD —-> AD + CB

105
Q

When writing ionic equations for precipitation reactions, only focus on what

A

the precipitate and the ions that form it!

106
Q

why does a precipitate form?

A

A precipitate forms because the compound is insoluble, according to the Solubility Rules. If a compound is insoluble, it means that the attractions between the ions is greater than the attraction between the ions and the water molecules.

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