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a level chemistry > organic synthesis routes > Flashcards

organic synthesis routes Flashcards

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1
Q

how can an acyl chloride become a secondary amide

A

react with a primary amine via nucleophilic addition elimination

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2
Q

how can an acyl chloride form a primary amide

A

by reaction with ammonia via nucleophilic addition elimination

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3
Q

how can an acyl chloride become a carboxylic acid

A

reaction with water via hydrolysis

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4
Q

how can an ester form a carboxylic acid

A

using dilute acid, via acid hydrolysis

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5
Q

how can an ester form a carboxylate salt and alcohol

A

reaction with NaOH via alkaline hydrolysis

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6
Q

how can an aldehyde form a hydroxynitrile

A

reaction with NaCN and H+ via nucleophilic addition

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7
Q

how can a nitrile form a carboxylic acid

A

reaction with H2O and HCl (dilute HCl) via hydrolysis

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8
Q

how can an aldehyde become a primary alcohol

A

reaction with NaBH4 via reduction

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9
Q

how can a ketone become a secondary alcohol

A

reaction with NaBH4 via reduction

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10
Q

how does phenylethanone become 1-phenylethanol

A

react with NaBH4 via reduction

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11
Q

how does benzene become phenylethanone

A

react with CH3COCl and AlCl3 via electrophilic substitution/acylation

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12
Q

how does aminobenzene become 2,4,6-tribromoaminobenzene

A

react with bromine via electrophilic substitution

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13
Q

how does nitrobenzene become aminobenzene

A

react with Sn and conc. HCl via reduction

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14
Q

how does benzene become nitrobenzene

A

react with conc HNO3 and conc H2SO4 via electrophilic substitution/nitration

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15
Q

how does benzene become methylbenzene

A

react with CH3Cl and AlCl3 via electrophilic substitution/alkylation

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16
Q

what forms when an acid anhydride reacts with an alcohol

A

an ester and carboxylic acid!!!

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17
Q

how can a haloalkane form a nitrile

A

react haloalkane with CN- (NaCN or KCN) and alcohol

18
Q

what is a dimer

A

a compound made up of two of the same molecule

19
Q

what are the ways to make esters

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid
alcohol + acid anhydride
alcohol + acyl chloride

20
Q

how can an acid anydride react and how are the products separated

A

heat with alcohol to form an ester and carboxylic acid that can be separated using fractional distillation

21
Q

what is an acid anydride and how is it made

A

it is made from 2 carboxylic acid molecules

22
Q

when do you have to use LiAlH4 and a dilute acid to form an amide from a nitrile

A

if there’s also a C=C in the molecule that you don’t want to hydrogenate right now

23
Q

how do you name an acid anhydride

A

if symmetrical: name of carboxylic acid, - acid, + anhydride

if asymmetrical: name of carboxylic acid 1 -acid, name of carboxylic acid 2 - acid
put in alphabetic order + anhydrides

24
Q

what happens when you do acid hydrolysis of an ester

A

form the carboxylic acid and alcohol that make it up

25
Q

what happens when you do alkaline hydrolysis of an ester

A

alcohol and carboxylate (carboxylic acid without the H, so O-)

26
Q

what forms when a ketone reacts with HCN

A

hydroxynitrile

27
Q

acidified potassium dichromate

A

Cr2O7^2- with H2SO4

28
Q

what do you react phenol with to form 2-nitrophenol or 4-nitrophenol

A

dilute HNO3

29
Q

how do you form a carboxylate ion from an ester

A

heat with a dilute alkali/OH-

30
Q

how do you form a carboxylic acid from an ester

A

heat with a dilute acid

31
Q

how is a haloalkane formed from an alkane

A

add a halogen and uv light

32
Q

when is a halogen and UV light used in forming a haloalkane

A

react with an alkane

33
Q

how do you form a ketone from a secondary alcohol

A

reflux with Cr2O7^2- and H+

34
Q

how do you form an amine from a haloalkane

A

react haloalkane with excess NH3 and ethanol

35
Q

how do you form 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine from phenylamine

A

react with Br2

36
Q

how do you form nitrophenol from phenol

A

react with dilute HNO3

37
Q

how do you form this from phenol

A

react with aqueous NaOH

38
Q

what type of NaOH is used in reactions we’ve learnt

A

always aqueous!

39
Q

how can a hydroxynitrile be formed

A

react a ketone or aldehyde with HCN

40
Q

ester h and o from where

A

a level chemistry (15 decks)

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