organic synthesis routes Flashcards
how can an acyl chloride become a secondary amide
react with a primary amine via nucleophilic addition elimination
how can an acyl chloride form a primary amide
by reaction with ammonia via nucleophilic addition elimination
how can an acyl chloride become a carboxylic acid
reaction with water via hydrolysis
how can an ester form a carboxylic acid
using dilute acid, via acid hydrolysis
how can an ester form a carboxylate salt and alcohol
reaction with NaOH via alkaline hydrolysis
how can an aldehyde form a hydroxynitrile
reaction with NaCN and H+ via nucleophilic addition
how can a nitrile form a carboxylic acid
reaction with H2O and HCl (dilute HCl) via hydrolysis
how can an aldehyde become a primary alcohol
reaction with NaBH4 via reduction
how can a ketone become a secondary alcohol
reaction with NaBH4 via reduction
how does phenylethanone become 1-phenylethanol
react with NaBH4 via reduction
how does benzene become phenylethanone
react with CH3COCl and AlCl3 via electrophilic substitution/acylation
how does aminobenzene become 2,4,6-tribromoaminobenzene
react with bromine via electrophilic substitution
how does nitrobenzene become aminobenzene
react with Sn and conc. HCl via reduction
how does benzene become nitrobenzene
react with conc HNO3 and conc H2SO4 via electrophilic substitution/nitration
how does benzene become methylbenzene
react with CH3Cl and AlCl3 via electrophilic substitution/alkylation
what forms when an acid anhydride reacts with an alcohol
an ester and carboxylic acid!!!
how can a haloalkane form a nitrile
react haloalkane with CN- (NaCN or KCN) and alcohol
what is a dimer
a compound made up of two of the same molecule
what are the ways to make esters
alcohol + carboxylic acid
alcohol + acid anhydride
alcohol + acyl chloride
how can an acid anydride react and how are the products separated
heat with alcohol to form an ester and carboxylic acid that can be separated using fractional distillation
what is an acid anydride and how is it made
it is made from 2 carboxylic acid molecules
when do you have to use LiAlH4 and a dilute acid to form an amide from a nitrile
if there’s also a C=C in the molecule that you don’t want to hydrogenate right now
how do you name an acid anhydride
if symmetrical: name of carboxylic acid, - acid, + anhydride
if asymmetrical: name of carboxylic acid 1 -acid, name of carboxylic acid 2 - acid
put in alphabetic order + anhydrides
what happens when you do acid hydrolysis of an ester
form the carboxylic acid and alcohol that make it up
what happens when you do alkaline hydrolysis of an ester
alcohol and carboxylate (carboxylic acid without the H, so O-)
what forms when a ketone reacts with HCN
hydroxynitrile
acidified potassium dichromate
Cr2O7^2- with H2SO4
what do you react phenol with to form 2-nitrophenol or 4-nitrophenol
dilute HNO3
how do you form a carboxylate ion from an ester
heat with a dilute alkali/OH-
how do you form a carboxylic acid from an ester
heat with a dilute acid
how is a haloalkane formed from an alkane
add a halogen and uv light
when is a halogen and UV light used in forming a haloalkane
react with an alkane
how do you form a ketone from a secondary alcohol
reflux with Cr2O7^2- and H+
how do you form an amine from a haloalkane
react haloalkane with excess NH3 and ethanol
how do you form 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine from phenylamine
react with Br2
how do you form nitrophenol from phenol
react with dilute HNO3
how do you form this from phenol
react with aqueous NaOH
what type of NaOH is used in reactions we’ve learnt
always aqueous!
how can a hydroxynitrile be formed
react a ketone or aldehyde with HCN
ester h and o from where
