module 4: nomenclature and isomerism Flashcards
what are aliphatic hydrocarbons
a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
what are alicyclic hydrocarbons
saturated carbon chains that form non-aromatic ring structures, with or without side chains
define empirical formula
the simplest ratio of each element in a compound
define molecular formula
the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element present in each molecule
don’t make it fancy just bung each element together
define structural formula
it shows the number and types of atoms in a molecule and how they’re bonded together
e.g. CH3-CH2-OH/CH3CH2OH
define homologous series
a family of compounds that can be represented by a general formula, they each differ by CH2
they have the same chemical properties but not physical
define functional group
the reactive part of the molecule that determines the molecule’s chemical properties
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
alkene
-ene
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
nitrile
- nitrile
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
alcohol
-ol
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
aldehyde
-al
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
carboxylic acid
-oic acid
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
acid amide
-amide
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
benzene
-benzene
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
ketone
-one
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
acid chloride
-oyl chloride
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
-F, -Cl, -Br, -I
haloalkane
fluoro/chlorine/bromo/iodo-
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
ester
-oate
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
acid anhydride
- anhydride
what’s the functional group and pre/suffix
NH2
amine
- amine
what are structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
what are the types of structural isomers
chain isomers
positional isomers
functional group isomers
what is chain isomerism
when there’s more than 1 way of arranging the carbon skeleton
what is positional isomerism
where isomers have the same carbon skeleton and functional group BUT the functional group can be placed in different positions along the carbon chain
what is functional group isomerism
when isomers have different functional groups and therefore properties
drawing skeletal formulae
• no carbon/hydrogen atoms are shown
• there’s a carbon atom at each end of the chain
• there’s a carbon atom at each point where two lines meet
if a functional group is present, it should be labelled
what is the functional group and pre/suffix
ether
-oxy-
what is a methyl group
CH3
what is an ethyl group
C2H5
what prefix do you add to the group when there’s four of it
tetra
how does a ring affect the number of H
-2H for every ring
how do you name an ester
the C chain attached to (and including) the carbonyl has -oate on the end
the side just attached to -O- is simply -yl
how do you write something in empirical formula
squish all of the same elements together rather than having them separated
when can cis-trans isomers occur
only when C=C is involved
explain a sigma bond
overlap of orbitals between bonding atoms
explain a Pi bond
sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals
how should you write an equation for reduction of NO2
[H] for reducing agent
why can free radical substitution be a poor method for obtaining a large yield of a given product
further substitution can occur after it forms
why does using a large excess of a reactant make the order in relation to it effectively zero
because the concentration would be constant
what types of molecules undergo electrophilic substitution
benzene
