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a level chemistry > module 4: nomenclature and isomerism > Flashcards

module 4: nomenclature and isomerism Flashcards

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1
Q

what are aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

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2
Q

what are alicyclic hydrocarbons

A

saturated carbon chains that form non-aromatic ring structures, with or without side chains

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3
Q

define empirical formula

A

the simplest ratio of each element in a compound

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4
Q

define molecular formula

A

the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element present in each molecule

don’t make it fancy just bung each element together

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5
Q

define structural formula

A

it shows the number and types of atoms in a molecule and how they’re bonded together
e.g. CH3-CH2-OH/CH3CH2OH

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6
Q

define homologous series

A

a family of compounds that can be represented by a general formula, they each differ by CH2
they have the same chemical properties but not physical

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7
Q

define functional group

A

the reactive part of the molecule that determines the molecule’s chemical properties

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8
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

alkene
-ene

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9
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

nitrile
- nitrile

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10
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

alcohol
-ol

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11
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

aldehyde
-al

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12
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

carboxylic acid
-oic acid

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13
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

acid amide
-amide

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14
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

benzene
-benzene

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15
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

ketone
-one

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16
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

acid chloride
-oyl chloride

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17
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

-F, -Cl, -Br, -I

A

haloalkane
fluoro/chlorine/bromo/iodo-

18
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

ester
-oate

19
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

acid anhydride
- anhydride

20
Q

what’s the functional group and pre/suffix
NH2

A

amine
- amine

21
Q

what are structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

22
Q

what are the types of structural isomers

A

chain isomers
positional isomers
functional group isomers

23
Q

what is chain isomerism

A

when there’s more than 1 way of arranging the carbon skeleton

24
Q

what is positional isomerism

A

where isomers have the same carbon skeleton and functional group BUT the functional group can be placed in different positions along the carbon chain

25
Q

what is functional group isomerism

A

when isomers have different functional groups and therefore properties

26
Q

drawing skeletal formulae

A

• no carbon/hydrogen atoms are shown

• there’s a carbon atom at each end of the chain

• there’s a carbon atom at each point where two lines meet

if a functional group is present, it should be labelled

27
Q

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

A

ether
-oxy-

28
Q

what is a methyl group

A

CH3

29
Q

what is an ethyl group

A

C2H5

30
Q

what prefix do you add to the group when there’s four of it

A

tetra

31
Q

how does a ring affect the number of H

A

-2H for every ring

32
Q

how do you name an ester

A

the C chain attached to (and including) the carbonyl has -oate on the end
the side just attached to -O- is simply -yl

33
Q

how do you write something in empirical formula

A

squish all of the same elements together rather than having them separated

34
Q

when can cis-trans isomers occur

A

only when C=C is involved

35
Q

explain a sigma bond

A

overlap of orbitals between bonding atoms

36
Q

explain a Pi bond

A

sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals

37
Q

how should you write an equation for reduction of NO2

A

[H] for reducing agent

38
Q

why can free radical substitution be a poor method for obtaining a large yield of a given product

A

further substitution can occur after it forms

39
Q

why does using a large excess of a reactant make the order in relation to it effectively zero

A

because the concentration would be constant

40
Q

what types of molecules undergo electrophilic substitution

A

benzene

a level chemistry (15 decks)

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