module 4: nomenclature and isomerism

Question 1

what are aliphatic hydrocarbons

Answer 1

a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 2

what are alicyclic hydrocarbons

Answer 2

saturated carbon chains that form non-aromatic ring structures, with or without side chains

Question 3

define empirical formula

Answer 3

the simplest ratio of each element in a compound

Question 4

define molecular formula

Answer 4

the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element present in each molecule

don’t make it fancy just bung each element together

Question 5

define structural formula

Answer 5

it shows the number and types of atoms in a molecule and how they’re bonded together
e.g. CH3-CH2-OH/CH3CH2OH

Question 6

define homologous series

Answer 6

a family of compounds that can be represented by a general formula, they each differ by CH2
they have the same chemical properties but not physical

Question 7

define functional group

Answer 7

the reactive part of the molecule that determines the molecule’s chemical properties

Question 8

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 8

alkene
-ene

Question 9

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 9

nitrile
- nitrile

Question 10

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 10

alcohol
-ol

Question 11

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 11

aldehyde
-al

Question 12

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 12

carboxylic acid
-oic acid

Question 13

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 13

acid amide
-amide

Question 14

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 14

benzene
-benzene

Question 15

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 15

ketone
-one

Question 16

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 16

acid chloride
-oyl chloride

Question 17

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

-F, -Cl, -Br, -I

Answer 17

haloalkane
fluoro/chlorine/bromo/iodo-

Question 18

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 18

ester
-oate

Question 19

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 19

acid anhydride
- anhydride

Question 20

what’s the functional group and pre/suffix
NH2

Answer 20

amine
- amine

Question 21

what are structural isomers

Answer 21

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 22

what are the types of structural isomers

Answer 22

chain isomers
positional isomers
functional group isomers

Question 23

what is chain isomerism

Answer 23

when there’s more than 1 way of arranging the carbon skeleton

Question 24

what is positional isomerism

Answer 24

where isomers have the same carbon skeleton and functional group BUT the functional group can be placed in different positions along the carbon chain

Question 25

what is functional group isomerism

Answer 25

when isomers have different functional groups and therefore properties

Question 26

drawing skeletal formulae

Answer 26

• no carbon/hydrogen atoms are shown • there's a carbon atom at each end of the chain • there's a carbon atom at each point where two lines meet if a functional group is present, it should be labelled

Question 27

what is the functional group and pre/suffix

Answer 27

ether -oxy-

Question 28

what is a methyl group

Answer 28

CH3

Question 29

what is an ethyl group

Answer 29

C2H5

Question 30

what prefix do you add to the group when there’s four of it

Answer 30

tetra

Question 31

how does a ring affect the number of H

Answer 31

-2H for every ring

Question 32

how do you name an ester

Answer 32

the C chain attached to (and including) the carbonyl has -oate on the end the side just attached to -O- is simply -yl

Question 33

how do you write something in empirical formula

Answer 33

squish all of the same elements together rather than having them separated

Question 34

when can cis-trans isomers occur

Answer 34

only when C=C is involved

Question 35

explain a sigma bond

Answer 35

overlap of orbitals between bonding atoms

Question 36

explain a Pi bond

Answer 36

sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals

Question 37

how should you write an equation for reduction of NO2

Answer 37

[H] for reducing agent

Question 38

why can free radical substitution be a poor method for obtaining a large yield of a given product

Answer 38

further substitution can occur after it forms

Question 39

why does using a large excess of a reactant make the order in relation to it effectively zero

Answer 39

because the concentration would be constant

Question 40

what types of molecules undergo electrophilic substitution

Answer 40

benzene