Organic Synthesis, getting between functional groups Flashcards

1
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to an aldehyde?

A

Start with a primary alcohol.
Acidified Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) with dilute Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) under reflux

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2
Q

How do get from an aldehyde to an alcohol?

A

Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH4), in a Dry Ether

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3
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to a Ketone?

A

Start with a secondary Alcohol.
Acidified Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) with dilute Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) under Reflux

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4
Q

How do you get from a Ketone to an alcohol?

A

Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH4), in a Dry Ether

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5
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to an ester?

A

Carboxylic acid, Acid catalyst and heat.
or
An acyl Chloride

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6
Q

How do you get from an ester to an alcohol?

A

Dilute Acid or alcohol Reflux

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7
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to an iodoalkane?

A

Reflux Red Phosphorus and I2

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8
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to an alkene?

A

Conc H3PO4 - 170c

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9
Q

How do you get from an alkene to an alcohol?

A

steam with a H3PO4 Catalyst.
60 - 70 atm (high Pressure).
300c

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10
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to a Chloroalkane?

A

PCl5 or HCl.
20c

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11
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to a Bromoalkane?

A

KBr (50% conc), H2SO4.
20c

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12
Q

How do you get from a halogenoalkane to an alcohol?

A

Warm aqueous KOH Reflux. or.
Mg (dry ether), then carbonyl, then dilute acid

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13
Q

How do you get from an alkene to a halogenoalkane?

A

Halogen2
20c

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14
Q

How do you get from an alkene to a diol?

A

Acidified KMnO4
20c

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15
Q

How do you get from an alkene to an alkane?

A

H2, Nickle catalyst
150c

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16
Q

How do you get from an alkene to a halogenoalkane?

A

Hydrogen Halide at 20c

17
Q

How do you get from a halogenoalkane to an alkene?

A

KOH, Ethanol Reflux

18
Q

How do you go from an alkane to a halogenoalkane?

A

Halogen (x2)
UV light

19
Q

How do you get from a Halogenoalkane to a primary amine?

A

Excess ethanoic ammonia, Heat

20
Q

How do you get from a Halogenoalkane to a Nitrile?

A

KCN, ethanol reflux

21
Q

How do you get from a nitrile to a Carboxylic Acid?

A

Dilute HCL Reflux

22
Q

How do you get from a Halogenoalkane to a Carboxylic Acid

A

Mg, Dry Ether, then CO2, then dilute acid

23
Q

How do you get from a Primary amine to a Amine?

A

Halogenoalkane

24
Q

How do you get from a Carboxylic Acid to an Alcohol?

A

LiAlH4
Produces Primary Alcohol

25
How do you get from a Carboxylic Acid to an Ester?
Alcohol, Acid Catalyst, Heat
26
How do you get from an Ester to a Carboxylic Acid?
Dilute Acid or alkali reflux
27
How do you get from a Carboxylic Acid to an Acyl Chloride?
PCl5 20c
28
How do you get from an Acyl Chloride to a Carboxylic Acid?
cold H2O
29
How do you get from an Acyl Chloride to an Amide?
NH3, 20c - To make primary amine primary amine, 20c - to make N-substituted amine
30
How do you get from Benzene to a halobenzene?
Halogen2 Halogen Carrier, 20c
31
How do you get from Benzene to a Phenylketone?
Acyl Chloride, AlCl3 catalyst, reflux
32
How do you get from Benzene to Alkyl Benzen?
Halogenoalkane, AlCl3 Catalyst reflux
33
How do you get from Benzene to Nitrobenzene?
Concentrated HNO3 Concentrated H2SO4, bellow 55c
34
How do you get a phenylamine?
From a Nitrobenzene
35
How do you get a phenylamine from a Nitrobenzene?
tin Concentrated HCl, Reflux, then NaOH