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AS Chemistry > Organic Synthesis & Analytical techniques > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis & Analytical techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

What must be added to oxidation reactions?

A

Acidified Potassium dichromate

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2
Q

What must be added to oxidation reactions?

A

Acidified Potassium dichromate

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3
Q

What is formed in an oxidation reaction when secondary alcohols are heated under reflux?

A

Ketones

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4
Q

What is formed when primary alcohols are heated under reflux and oxidise fully?

A

Aldehydes

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5
Q

What is formed when primary alcohols are partially oxidised and distilled off?

A

Carboxylic acids

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6
Q

What is formed in an oxidation reaction when secondary alcohols are heated under reflux?

A

Ketones

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7
Q

What is formed when primary alcohols are heated under reflux and oxidise fully?

A

Aldehydes

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8
Q

What is formed when primary alcohols are partially oxidised and distilled off?

A

Carboxylic acids

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9
Q

Give the 6 steps in the process of Mass Spectrometry in order

A
  • Vaporisation
  • Ionisation
  • Acceleration
  • Deflection
  • Detection
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10
Q

What is the ‘Fingerprint Region’ in IR spectrum?

A

The region below 1500cm-1, and it contains unique peaks which allows identification of particular molecules

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11
Q

Give two uses of IR spectroscopy

A
  • Many car pollutants are identified by IR fingerprint regions
  • IR-based breathalysers detect compounds in breath
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12
Q

What would a C=O bond display on an infrared graph?

A

A large, kind of thin, long peak in the centre of the graph

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13
Q

What would an O-H bond display on an infrared graph?

A

A large, quite long, wide peak at the beginning of the graph

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14
Q

How does infrared radiation work?

A

IR radiation causes covalent bonds to vibrate more and absorb energy

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15
Q

Wavelength =?

A

1/wavelength

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16
Q

What is ‘Longer wavelength IR Radiation’

A

IR radiation that has been ‘reflected’ or ‘re-emitted’ from the earth’s surface rather than be absorbed

17
Q

Why does IR radiation cause problems concering greenhouse gases?

A
  • (Eg. CO2) absorbs the longer wavelength IR
  • The vibrating bonds re-emit the energy as radiation that increases the temp of the atmosphere close to earth’s surface
  • leading to global warming
18
Q

Name the two types of Vibration

A
  • Stretching

- Bending

19
Q

What does ‘Bending’ Vibration result in?

A
  • A change of bond angle
20
Q

What does ‘Stretching’ Vibration result in?

A
  • Increasing and decreasing the distance between the atoms
21
Q

What 2 things affect how much a bond will stretch or bend?

A
  • The mass of the atoms in the bond (heavier vibrate slower)

- The strength of the bond (stronger vibrate more as they have more energy)

22
Q

List the 5 ‘Quick-fit’ apparatus

A
  • Round bottom/pear shaped flask
  • Receiver
  • Condenser
  • Screw-tap adaptor
  • Still head
23
Q

What apparatus are needed for heating under Reflux?

A
  • Heating mantle (not bunsen)
  • Round-bottom flask
  • Condenser
  • Rubber tubing
  • Stand + Clamp
24
Q

What can be used to remove water traces left after Separation?

A

A drying agent

25
Q

Which 2 drying agents can be used for general drying?

A
  • Calcium Sulfate

- Magnesium Sulfate

26
Q

Which drying agent can only be used for drying Hydrocarbons?

A

Calcium Chloride

27
Q

Outline the process of Drying

A
  • Organic Liquid in flask
  • Spatula in drying agent
  • Swirl until ‘Snowstorm’ (with no lumps)
  • Repeat and filter
28
Q

Why is ‘Separation’ needed?

A
  • Because water can form AS WELL AS a product.
29
Q

Outline the process of separation

A
  • Close tap of separating funnel
  • Put liquids in, shake, and relieve pressure
  • Allow liquids to settle
  • Repeat until there are two layers in the flask
  • Collect top layer and LABEL FLASK
30
Q

Why is Re-distillation needed?

A

Organic liquids could have very similar boiling points so you may have impurities you need to get rid of

31
Q

What is the reaction called, if an ALKENE becomes an ALKANE?

A

A Hydrogenation reaction

32
Q

What are the conditions needed for a Hydrogenation reaction?

A

H2 + A Nickel catalyst

33
Q

What is the reaction called if an ALKANE becomes a HALOALKANE?

A

A Halogenation reaction

34
Q

What conditions are needed in a Halogenation reaction?

A

Halogen + UV light

35
Q

What is the reaction called when an ALKENE becomes a HALOALKANE?

A

Halogenation

AS Chemistry (5 decks)

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