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Chemistry A Level > Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkene to Alkane

A

H2

Nickel Catalyst

150°C

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2
Q

Alkane to Halogenoalkane

A

UV light

Hydrogen Halide

Free Radical Substitution

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3
Q

Alkene to Halogenoalkane

A

Hydrogen Halide

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4
Q

Halogenoalkane to Alkene

A

Potassium Hydroxide

Ethanol

Heat

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5
Q

Alkene to Alcohol

A

H2O (steam)

300°C

60-70 atm

Phosphoric (V) acid catalyst

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6
Q

Alcohol to Alkene

A

Sulfuric Acid

High temperature

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7
Q

Halogenoalkane to Alcohol

A

Potassium Hydroxide

Reflux

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8
Q

Alcohol to Halogenoalkane

A

PCl5/HCl

KBr - Reflux

HI

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9
Q

Halogenoalkane to Amine

A

Conc Ammonia (NH3)

Ethanol

Sealed Tube

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10
Q

Primary Amine to Secondary/Tertiary Amine

A

React with a halogenoalkane

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11
Q

Amine to Polyamide

A

Dicarboxylic acid and diamine

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12
Q

Amine to Amide

A

Acyl Chloride

Ammonia

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13
Q

Alcohol to Ketone

A

Potassium Dichromate

Reflux

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14
Q

Ketone to Secondary Alcohol

A

LiAlH4

Dry Ether

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15
Q

Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde

A

Potassium Dichromate

Reflux and Distill product off

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16
Q

Aldehyde to Primary Alcohol

A

LiAlH4

Dry Ether

17
Q

Alcohol/Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid

A

Potassium Dichromate

Reflux and Distill off later

18
Q

Carboxylic Acid to Alcohol

A

LiAlH4

19
Q

Carboxylic Acid to Ester

A

Conc Sulfuric Acid

Alcohol

Warm in a bath

20
Q

Alcohol to Ester

A

Acyl Chloride

21
Q

Halogenoalkane to Nitrile

A

Potassium Cyanide

Reflux

22
Q

Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid

A

HCl and water

NaOH and water

23
Q

Nitrile to Amine

A

LiAlH4

Dry ether

24
Q

Nitrile to Amide

A

H2O

25
Q

Amide to Nitrile

A

Phosphor Oxide P4O10

26
Q

Grinards Reagent

A

Used to extend carbon chain

Preparation

Halogenoalkane is dissolved in dry ether and reacted with magnesium
CH3CH2Br + Mg → CH3CH2MgBr

Reactions

Methanal produces a primary alcohol

CH3CH2MgBr + HCHO → CH3CH2CH2OH + Mg(OH)Br

Longer aldehydes produce a secondary alcohol

CH3CH2MgBr + CH3CHO → CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 + Mg(OH)Br

Ketones produce a tertiary alcohol

Ch3CH2MgBr + CH3COCH3 → CH3CH2C(CH3)(OH)CH3 + Mg(OH)Br

Carbon dioxide produces carboxylic acids
CH3CH2MgBr + CO2 → CH3CH2COOH + Mg(OH)

27
Q

Refluxing

A

When you want to ensure that none of the products can escape from the reflux vessel

All gases are condensed back into a liquid and run back into pear shaped flask

Water in at the bottom

Water out at the top

28
Q

Ketone to HydroxyNitrile

A

Hydrogen Cyanide

Potassium Cyanide and Sulfuric Acid

29
Q

Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile

A

Hydrogen Cyanide

Potassium Cyanide and Sulfuric Acid

30
Q

Ester to Carboxylic Acid

A

Water with Dilute Acid

Reflux

31
Q

Acyl Chloride to Ester

A

Cold Ethanol

32
Q

Acyl Chloride to Amide

A

Concentrated Ammonia

33
Q

Filtration

A

If the product is a solid, it can be separated by filtration using a buchner finnel with suction from a water pump

34
Q

Steam Distillation

A

Distillation with steam at 100°C allows for the separation of compounds that decompose if heated at their boiling temperatures

Only works for compounds that do not mix with water

Leaves behind reagents and products that are soluble in water

35
Q

Solvent Extraction

A
  1. add mixture to separating funnel and mix with water
  2. add organic solvent and shake
  3. add salt to organic product
  4. open tap and separate
  5. remove water by adding anhydrous salt such as calcium chloride
36
Q

Recrystallisation

A
  1. dissolve solid in minimum volume of hot solvent
  2. filter through fluted paper and funnel
  3. cool to allow crystals to form
  4. filter using buchner funnel
  5. dry
37
Q

Washing and Drying to Purify Organic Liquids

A
  1. wash with water
  2. dry
  3. wash again
  4. leave in warm place or mix with a drying agent
38
Q

Fractional Distillation

A
  • column packed with glass beads to give maximum surface area
  • there is a vent in system to prevent pressure build up
  • flask may need to be surrounded with ice if liquid has a low boiling point
  • mixture heated so that the thermometer is at the temperature of the boiling point

Chemistry A Level (10 decks)

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