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Chemistry > Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you turn an Aldehyde/ Ketone into a Hydroxynitrile?

A

aqueous KCN, Sulfuric Acid and Room Temperature

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3
Q

What conditions are required to turn a Halogenoalkane into Secondary/Tertiary amines, their salts and Quaternary ammonium salts?

A

Ammonia and Heat

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4
Q

What is the mechanism for turning a Halogenoalkane into amines?

A

Nucleophilic Substitution

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5
Q

What reaction requires LiAlH4 and dilute H2SO4?

A

Turning a nitrile into a primary amine

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7
Q

What conditions are needed to turn a Halogenoalkane into a Nitrile?
What is the name of the mechanism of this reaction?

A

KCN, Ethanol and Reflux and nucleophilic Substitution

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8
Q

What conditions are required to turn an Alkene into a Halogenoalkane?

A

HX and Room Temperature (approx. 20 degrees)

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10
Q

What conditions are required to turn a Halogenoalkane into an Alkene?

A

KOH, Ethanol and Reflux

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11
Q

Which reaction requires Br2 and Room temperature to occur?

What is the name of the mechanism?

A

Turning an Alkene into a Dibromoalkane

• Electrophilic Addition

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12
Q

What is the mechanism for turning a Halogenoalkane into an Alkene?

A

Elimination

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13
Q

How do you turn an Alcohol into an Alkene?

A

Dehydration (elimination) reaction using concentrated Sulfuric acid and reflux

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14
Q

Name the two ways you can turn an Alkene into an Alcohol and their mechanisms:

A

(1. ) H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) catalyst, steam, 300 degrees, 60 atm; Hydration reaction
(2. ) Water, Sulfuric acid catalyst; electrophilic addition

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15
Q

What conditions are required to turn a Primary Alcohol into a carboxylic acid?

A

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 and reflux

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16
Q

How do you turn an Acid Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into an Ester?

A

Alcohol and Room temperature

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17
Q

How do you turn a primary/ secondary Alcohol into an Aldehyde/Ketone?

A

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, heat in distillation apparatus

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19
Q

How do you turn an aldehyde/ketone back into an alcohol?

What mechanism is it?

A

NaBH4 in water and methanol and Nucleophilic Addition

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20
Q

What is the mechanism for turning an Aldehyde/ Ketone into a Hydroxynitrile?

A

Nucleophilic Addition

21
Q

Which reaction requires an Alcohol, a Concentrated Sulfuric Acid catalyst and heat?

A

Carboxylic Acid –> Ester (esterification)

22
Q

How do you turn an Ester into a Carboxylic Acid?

A

Dilute Sulfuric Acid catalyst, reflux or dilute NaOH reflux

23
Q

How do you turn an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into a Carboxylic Acid?

A

Water and Room temperature

24
Q

What is the name of the mechanism for turning an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into an Ester?

A

Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination

25
Q

Name the mechanism for turning an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into a primary amide

A

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

26
Q

Which reaction requires an Amine and Room temperature and is a Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination reaction?

A

Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride –> N-Substituted Amide

28
Q

How do you turn Benzene into a Phenolketone?

A

R-COCl, AlCl3 catalyst, reflux and a non-aqueous environment

29
Q

Why are scientists concerned with designing processes that are not too wasteful?

A

To reduce waste and make more useful products in reactions with high atom economies and high percentage yields

30
Q

What conditions are needed to turn an Alkane into a Halogenoalkane?

What is the name of the mechanism?

A

X2, UV Light and Free-Radical Substitution

31
Q

Which Electrophilic Substitution needs Concentrated Sulfuric Acid, Concentrated Nitric Acid and a temperature below 55 degrees?

A

Nitration reaction turning benzene into nitrobenzene

32
Q

What is a Nucleophile?

A

A nucleophile is an electron-pair donor; it donates a pair of electrons to somewhere without enough electrons
(e.g OH-, CN- and NH3)

33
Q

Name the type of reaction turning benzene into a phenolketone?

A

Acylation

34
Q

How do you turn an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into a Primary Amine?

A

Ammonia and Room temperature

35
Q

What reaction requires warm NaOH and reflux and is a Nucleophilic Substitution reaction?

A

Turning a Halogenoalkane into an Alcohol

36
Q

What are the conditions required to turn Nitrobenzene into an Aromatic Amine?

A

Sn, Concentrated HCl, reflux and then add NaOH

37
Q

What is the name of the reaction to turn Nitrobenzene into an Aromatic Amine

A

Reduction

38
Q

What is the mechanism for turning an Aromatic Amine into an N-Phenylethanamide?

A

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

39
Q

What conditions are needed to turn an Aromatic Amine into an N-Phenylethanamide?

A

CH3COCl r.t.p

40
Q

What is an Electrophile?

A

An electrophile is an electron-pair acceptor. They’re ususally a few electrons short so they’re attracted to areas of high electron density.
(e.g. positively charged ions like H+ and NO2+ or delta positive polar molecules)

41
Q

Why do scientists try to avoid using solvents in synthesis routes?

A

Because they are often flammable and toxic so can pose safety risks. If the solvent has to be disposed of after the reaction is complete that can create a lot of waste too

42
Q

How do you turn an Aldehyde into a Carboxylic Acid?

A

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 and reflux

43
Q

What is the mechanism for turning benzene into a phenolketone?

A

Electrophilic Substitution

47
Q

What is the mechanism to turn an Alkene into a Halogenoalkane?

A

Electrophilic Addition

Chemistry (14 decks)

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