Organic Synthesis Flashcards
How do you turn an Aldehyde/ Ketone into a Hydroxynitrile?
aqueous KCN, Sulfuric Acid and Room Temperature
What conditions are required to turn a Halogenoalkane into Secondary/Tertiary amines, their salts and Quaternary ammonium salts?
Ammonia and Heat
What is the mechanism for turning a Halogenoalkane into amines?
Nucleophilic Substitution
What reaction requires LiAlH4 and dilute H2SO4?
Turning a nitrile into a primary amine
What conditions are needed to turn a Halogenoalkane into a Nitrile?
What is the name of the mechanism of this reaction?
KCN, Ethanol and Reflux and nucleophilic Substitution
What conditions are required to turn an Alkene into a Halogenoalkane?
HX and Room Temperature (approx. 20 degrees)
What conditions are required to turn a Halogenoalkane into an Alkene?
KOH, Ethanol and Reflux
Which reaction requires Br2 and Room temperature to occur?
What is the name of the mechanism?
Turning an Alkene into a Dibromoalkane
• Electrophilic Addition
What is the mechanism for turning a Halogenoalkane into an Alkene?
Elimination
How do you turn an Alcohol into an Alkene?
Dehydration (elimination) reaction using concentrated Sulfuric acid and reflux
Name the two ways you can turn an Alkene into an Alcohol and their mechanisms:
(1. ) H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) catalyst, steam, 300 degrees, 60 atm; Hydration reaction
(2. ) Water, Sulfuric acid catalyst; electrophilic addition
What conditions are required to turn a Primary Alcohol into a carboxylic acid?
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 and reflux
How do you turn an Acid Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into an Ester?
Alcohol and Room temperature
How do you turn a primary/ secondary Alcohol into an Aldehyde/Ketone?
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, heat in distillation apparatus
How do you turn an aldehyde/ketone back into an alcohol?
What mechanism is it?
NaBH4 in water and methanol and Nucleophilic Addition
What is the mechanism for turning an Aldehyde/ Ketone into a Hydroxynitrile?
Nucleophilic Addition
Which reaction requires an Alcohol, a Concentrated Sulfuric Acid catalyst and heat?
Carboxylic Acid –> Ester (esterification)
How do you turn an Ester into a Carboxylic Acid?
Dilute Sulfuric Acid catalyst, reflux or dilute NaOH reflux
How do you turn an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into a Carboxylic Acid?
Water and Room temperature
What is the name of the mechanism for turning an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into an Ester?
Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination
Name the mechanism for turning an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into a primary amide
Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
Which reaction requires an Amine and Room temperature and is a Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination reaction?
Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride –> N-Substituted Amide
How do you turn Benzene into a Phenolketone?
R-COCl, AlCl3 catalyst, reflux and a non-aqueous environment
Why are scientists concerned with designing processes that are not too wasteful?
To reduce waste and make more useful products in reactions with high atom economies and high percentage yields
What conditions are needed to turn an Alkane into a Halogenoalkane?
What is the name of the mechanism?
X2, UV Light and Free-Radical Substitution
Which Electrophilic Substitution needs Concentrated Sulfuric Acid, Concentrated Nitric Acid and a temperature below 55 degrees?
Nitration reaction turning benzene into nitrobenzene
What is a Nucleophile?
A nucleophile is an electron-pair donor; it donates a pair of electrons to somewhere without enough electrons
(e.g OH-, CN- and NH3)
Name the type of reaction turning benzene into a phenolketone?
Acylation
How do you turn an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into a Primary Amine?
Ammonia and Room temperature
What reaction requires warm NaOH and reflux and is a Nucleophilic Substitution reaction?
Turning a Halogenoalkane into an Alcohol
What are the conditions required to turn Nitrobenzene into an Aromatic Amine?
Sn, Concentrated HCl, reflux and then add NaOH
What is the name of the reaction to turn Nitrobenzene into an Aromatic Amine
Reduction
What is the mechanism for turning an Aromatic Amine into an N-Phenylethanamide?
Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
What conditions are needed to turn an Aromatic Amine into an N-Phenylethanamide?
CH3COCl r.t.p
What is an Electrophile?
An electrophile is an electron-pair acceptor. They’re ususally a few electrons short so they’re attracted to areas of high electron density.
(e.g. positively charged ions like H+ and NO2+ or delta positive polar molecules)
Why do scientists try to avoid using solvents in synthesis routes?
Because they are often flammable and toxic so can pose safety risks. If the solvent has to be disposed of after the reaction is complete that can create a lot of waste too
How do you turn an Aldehyde into a Carboxylic Acid?
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 and reflux
What is the mechanism for turning benzene into a phenolketone?
Electrophilic Substitution
What is the mechanism to turn an Alkene into a Halogenoalkane?
Electrophilic Addition
