organic synthesis

Question 1

what are the 2 main differences between distillation and reflux

Answer 1

distillation is heated gently, reflux heated strongly

reflux involves heating solution in a round-bottom flask attached to condenser with water in at bottom and water out at top

distillation involves Bunsen burner heating distilled flask with solution inside which goes to fractionating column with thermometer inside at top to condenser (water in at bottom, water out furthest right), to a receiving flask

Question 2

how do you prepare and purification of an organic liquid

Answer 2

if made under reflux, separated out from unreacted reactants with separating funnel, organic layer separated from aqueous layer

if water left in organic product, dried with anhydrous salt (CaCl2)

mixture undergoes redistillation to separate out desired product

Question 3

learn flowchart of reactions

Answer 3

P alcohol–> aldehyde= acidified k2Cr2O7 + distil
P alcohol–> carboxylic acid= K2Cr2O7+ reflux
secondary alcohol–> ketone= K2Cr2O7+ reflux

Alcohol–>alkene= conc H2SO4
alcohol–> haloalkane=sodium halide+ H2SO4

alkene–>alcohol=H2O/H3PO4 catalyst
alkene–>alkane=H2 Ni catalyst
alkene–> haloalkane=hydrogen halide

alkane–>haloalkane=halogen/UV

haloalkane–>alcohol=NaOH reflux