Organic synthesis

Question 1

Alkene to alcohol

Answer 1

• Steam + phosphoric acid catalyst
• 60 atm 300 degrees Celsius

Question 2

Alkene to alkane

Answer 2

• H2 + nickel catalyst

Question 3

Alkene to halogenoalkane

Answer 3

• H-X
• room temp

Question 4

Alkene to diol

Answer 4

• acidified KMNO4
• goes from purple to colourless

Question 5

Alkene to dihalogenoalkane

Answer 5

• X2
• room temp

Question 6

Alkene to polyalkene

Answer 6

• high pressure + catalyst
• polymerisation (addition)

Question 7

Alcohol to alkene

Answer 7

• H2SO4
• conc phosphoric acid catalyst

Question 8

Alcohol to ester

Answer 8

• carboxcyllic acid + H2SO4
• heat

Question 9

Alcohol to halogenoalkane

Answer 9

• PCl5, NaBr/H2SO4 or P+I2
• heat under reflux

Question 10

Alcohol to ketone

Answer 10

• secondary alcohol
• acidified K2Cr2O7
• heat under reflux

Question 11

Alcohol to carboxyllic acid

Answer 11

• primary alcohol
• acidified pottasium dichromate
• heat under reflux

Question 12

Alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 12

• primary alcohol
• acidified pottsium dichromate
• heat then distill

Question 13

Halogenoalkane to alcohol

Answer 13

• warm NaOH and water
• reflux

Question 14

Halogenoalkane to nitrile

Answer 14

• KCN in ethanol and water

Question 15

Halogenoalkane to amine

Answer 15

ethanolic ammonia
- heat and pressure

Question 16

Alkane to halogenoalkane

Answer 16

• X2
• UV light

Question 17

Halogenoalkane to alkene

Answer 17

• ethanolic KOH
• heat under reflux

Question 18

Aldehyde/ketone to hydroxynitrile

Answer 18

• HCN+KCN

Question 19

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Answer 19

• PCl5

Question 20

Acyl chloride to ester

Answer 20

• alcohol
• room temp

Question 21

Acyl chloride to secondary amide

Answer 21

• primary amine
• room temp

Question 22

Acyl chloride to primary amide

Answer 22

• NH3
• room temp

Question 23

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 23

• heat with HCl
• acid hydrolysis

Question 24

Nitrile to amine

Answer 24

• LiALH4

Question 25

Amine to secondary amide

Answer 25

- Acyl Chloride - room temp

Question 26

Amine to secondary/tertiary amine

Answer 26

- halogenoalkane

Question 27

carbonyl compounds to alcohol

Answer 27

- LiAlH4 - in dry ether

Question 28

carboxylic acid to alcohol

Answer 28

- LiAlH4 - in dry ether

Question 29

2 ways to lengthen carbon chain

Answer 29

- cyanide ions - Grignard reagent

Question 30

Benzene to nitrobenzene

Answer 30

- conc nitric acid+sulphuric acid - lower than 55

Question 31

Nitrobenzene to phenyl amine

Answer 31

- tin and HCl

Question 32

Aminobenzene to benzene with NH and CH3 group

Answer 32

- Ch3Cl

Question 33

Amino benzene to benzene with attached NHC=OCH3

Answer 33

- acetyl chloride (CH3COCl)

Question 34

Benzene to phenylketone

Answer 34

- acyl chloride - anhydrous AlCl3 catalyst - reflux

Question 35

Phenyl ethanone to 1-phenylethan-1-ol

Answer 35

- LiAlH4

Question 36

1-phenylethan-1-ol to phenyl propanoate

Answer 36

- CH3COOH - H2SO4 and heat

Question 37

Benzene to halobenzene

Answer 37

- X2 - ALCl3 catalyst - warm conditions

Question 38

Benzene to alkyl benzene

Answer 38

- Haloalkane - AlCl3/FeBr3 catalyst - under reflux

Question 39

Phenol to sodium phenoxide

Answer 39

- NaOH - 20 degrees celcius

Question 40

Phenol to 2,4,6 tribromophenol

Answer 40

- bromine water - 20 degrees

Question 41

Describe how grignard reagents are made

Answer 41

halogenoalkane dissolved in a dry ether then reacted with magnesium

Question 42

Grignard reagent with methanal

Answer 42

primary alcohol

Question 43

Grignard reagent with Aldehydes other than methanal

Answer 43

secondary alcohols

Question 44

Grignard reagent with ketones

Answer 44

tertiary alcohols

Question 45

Grignard reagent with CO2

Answer 45

- carboxylic acids