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Edexcel Chemistry A level > Organic synthesis > Flashcards

Organic synthesis Flashcards

provide reagents, conditions, and any physical changes seen for all reactions

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1
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A
  • Steam + phosphoric acid catalyst
  • 60 atm 300 degrees Celsius
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2
Q

Alkene to alkane

A
  • H2 + nickel catalyst
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3
Q

Alkene to halogenoalkane

A
  • H-X
  • room temp
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4
Q

Alkene to diol

A
  • acidified KMNO4
  • goes from purple to colourless
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5
Q

Alkene to dihalogenoalkane

A
  • X2
  • room temp
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6
Q

Alkene to polyalkene

A
  • high pressure + catalyst
  • polymerisation (addition)
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7
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A
  • H2SO4
  • conc phosphoric acid catalyst
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8
Q

Alcohol to ester

A
  • carboxcyllic acid + H2SO4
  • heat
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9
Q

Alcohol to halogenoalkane

A
  • PCl5, NaBr/H2SO4 or P+I2
  • heat under reflux
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10
Q

Alcohol to ketone

A
  • secondary alcohol
  • acidified K2Cr2O7
  • heat under reflux
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11
Q

Alcohol to carboxyllic acid

A
  • primary alcohol
  • acidified pottasium dichromate
  • heat under reflux
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12
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde

A
  • primary alcohol
  • acidified pottsium dichromate
  • heat then distill
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13
Q

Halogenoalkane to alcohol

A
  • warm NaOH and water
  • reflux
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14
Q

Halogenoalkane to nitrile

A
  • KCN in ethanol and water
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15
Q

Halogenoalkane to amine

A

ethanolic ammonia
- heat and pressure

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16
Q

Alkane to halogenoalkane

A
  • X2
  • UV light
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17
Q

Halogenoalkane to alkene

A
  • ethanolic KOH
  • heat under reflux
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18
Q

Aldehyde/ketone to hydroxynitrile

A
  • HCN+KCN
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19
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A
  • PCl5
20
Q

Acyl chloride to ester

A
  • alcohol
  • room temp
21
Q

Acyl chloride to secondary amide

A
  • primary amine
  • room temp
22
Q

Acyl chloride to primary amide

A
  • NH3
  • room temp
23
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A
  • heat with HCl
  • acid hydrolysis
24
Q

Nitrile to amine

A
  • LiALH4
25
Q

Amine to secondary amide

A
  • Acyl Chloride
  • room temp
26
Q

Amine to secondary/tertiary amine

A
  • halogenoalkane
27
Q

carbonyl compounds to alcohol

A
  • LiAlH4
  • in dry ether
28
Q

carboxylic acid to alcohol

A
  • LiAlH4
  • in dry ether
29
Q

2 ways to lengthen carbon chain

A
  • cyanide ions
  • Grignard reagent
30
Q

Benzene to nitrobenzene

A
  • conc nitric acid+sulphuric acid
  • lower than 55
31
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenyl amine

A
  • tin and HCl
32
Q

Aminobenzene to benzene with NH and CH3 group

A
  • Ch3Cl
33
Q

Amino benzene to benzene with attached NHC=OCH3

A
  • acetyl chloride (CH3COCl)
34
Q

Benzene to phenylketone

A
  • acyl chloride
  • anhydrous AlCl3 catalyst
  • reflux
35
Q

Phenyl ethanone to 1-phenylethan-1-ol

A
  • LiAlH4
36
Q

1-phenylethan-1-ol to phenyl propanoate

A
  • CH3COOH
  • H2SO4 and heat
37
Q

Benzene to halobenzene

A
  • X2
  • ALCl3 catalyst
  • warm conditions
38
Q

Benzene to alkyl benzene

A
  • Haloalkane
  • AlCl3/FeBr3 catalyst
  • under reflux
39
Q

Phenol to sodium phenoxide

A
  • NaOH
  • 20 degrees celcius
40
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6 tribromophenol

A
  • bromine water
  • 20 degrees
41
Q

Describe how grignard reagents are made

A

halogenoalkane dissolved in a dry ether then reacted with magnesium

42
Q

Grignard reagent with methanal

A

primary alcohol

43
Q

Grignard reagent with Aldehydes other than methanal

A

secondary alcohols

44
Q

Grignard reagent with ketones

A

tertiary alcohols

45
Q

Grignard reagent with CO2

A
  • carboxylic acids

Edexcel Chemistry A level (18 decks)

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