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A Level Chemistry > Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alkane into a halogenoalkane?

A

X₂ and UV light

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2
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a haloalkane into a primary amine?

A

Excess NH₃ and heat

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3
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a haloalkane into a nitrile?

A

KCN(aq), ethanol, reflux

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4
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a haloalkane into an alcohol?

A

Warm NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq), reflux

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5
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a haloalkane into an alkene?

A

NaOH or KOH, warm ethanol, reflux

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6
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a primary amine into Secondary / Tertiary amines and Quaternary Ammonium Salts?

A

Further substitutions with halogenoalkanes, heat

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7
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alkene to halogenoalkane?

A

HX, 298K

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8
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alkene into a dibromoalkane?

A

Br₂, 298K

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9
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alkene into an alcohol?

A

H₃PO₄ catalyst, steam, 573K, 60 atm

OR

H₂O, H₂SO₄ catalyst

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10
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a nitrile into a primary amine?

A

H₂, Nickel or Platinum catalyst, high temperature and pressure

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11
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alcohol into an alkene?

A

Concentrated H₂SO₄ (catalyst)

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12
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alcohol into a carboxylic acid (primary alcohols only)?

A

K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, reflux

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13
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alcohol into an aldehyde / ketone?

A

K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, heat in distillation apparatus (primary alcohol) or reflux apparatus (secondary alcohols) - does not work with tertiary alcohols

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14
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an aldehyde / ketone into an alcohol?

A

NaBH₄ in water with methanol

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15
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid?

A

K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, reflux

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16
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an aldehyde / ketone into a hydroxynitrile?

A

Acidified KCN(aq) or HCN(g), 298K

17
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a carboxylic acid into an ester?

A

Alcohol, concentrated H₂SO₄ catalyst, reflux

18
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an ester into a carboxylic acid?

A

Dilute acid catalyst (e.g. H₂SO₄), H₂O, reflux

OR

Dilute alkali (e.g. NaOH(aq)), reflux

19
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an acyl chloride / acid anhydride into a carboxylic acid?

A

H₂O, 298K

20
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an acyl chloride / acid anhydride into an ester?

A

Alcohol, 298K

21
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an acyl chloride / acid anhydride into a primary amide?

A

NH₃, 298K

22
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an acyl chloride / acid anhydride into a N-Substituted Amide?

A

Amine, 298K

23
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise benzene into a phenylketone?

A

Acylation

RCOCl, AlCl₃ catalyst, reflux, non aqueous environment

24
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise benzene into nitrobenzene?

A

Nitration

Concentrated H₂SO₄ (catalyst), concentrated HNO₃, below 55 degrees centigrade (for monosubstitution)

25
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise nitrobenzene into phenylamine?

A

Reduction

Tin, concentrated HCl, reflux, NaOH(aq)

26
Q

What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise phenylamine into N-phenylethanamide?

A

Addition-elimination

CH₃COCl, 298K

A Level Chemistry (24 decks)

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