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A Level Chemistry > 5.2 - Transition Metals > Flashcards

5.2 - Transition Metals Flashcards

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1
Q

What block of the periodic table are transition metals found in?

A

The d-block.

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2
Q

What is the definition of a transition metal?

A

A transition metal is a metal that can form one or more stable ions with an incomplete d sub-shell.

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3
Q

What are the two transition metal anomalies in electron configuration?

A

Chromium - [Ar] 3d5 4s1.

Copper - [Ar] 3d10 4s1.

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4
Q

Why do chromium and copper form an incomplete 4s sub shell?

A

Having a half full or full 3d sub-shell is more stable.

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5
Q

When forming metal ions, which electrons are removed first?

A

The 4s orbital.

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6
Q

What are the four chemical properties that make transition metals unique?

A

They can form complex ions.

They form coloured ions.

They are good catalysts.

They can exist in variable oxidation states.

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7
Q

What causes the unique chemical properties of transition metals?

A

The incomplete d sub-shell.

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8
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

A metal ion surrounded by co-ordinately bonded ligands.

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9
Q

What is a ligand?

A

An atom, ion or molecule that donates a pair of electrons to a central metal ion.

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10
Q

What does monodentate mean?

A

Ligands that can form a single coordinate bond. For example, ammonia or chloride ions.

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11
Q

What does bidentate mean? Name an example of a bidentate ligand.

A

A ligand that can form two coordinate bonds to the metal ion.

Ethane-1,2-diamine.

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12
Q

What does multidentate mean? Name an example of a multidentate ligand.

A

A ligand that can form more than two coordinate bonds with a central metal ion.

EDTA4-.

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13
Q

What does the coordination number mean?

A

The number of coordinate bonds formed with the central metal ion.

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14
Q

What shape would a complex ions with a coordination number of six have?

A

Octahedral.

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15
Q

What shape would a complex ion that does not have a platinum central ion have?

A

Tetrahedral.

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16
Q

What shape would a complex ion with a coordination number of four have if its central metal ion is platinum?

A

Square-planar.

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17
Q

What shape would a complex metal ion have if it has a coordination number of two?

A

Linear.

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18
Q

What are the two types of isomerism a complex metal ion can form?

A

Optical isomerism.

Cis-Trans (E-Z) isomerism.

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19
Q

In what shape can optical isomers form?

A

Octahedral shapes.

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20
Q

What shapes can cis-trans isomerism be seen in?

A

Octahedral.

Square-Planar.

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21
Q

What happens to the energy levels of 3d electrons when a ligand binds to it?

A

Usually the 3d orbitals have the same energy. When a ligand binds to it, the d sub-shell splits into different energy levels.

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22
Q

What does exciting an electron mean?

A

When an electron absorbs energy to jump up to the higher orbital.

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23
Q

Where in the electromagnetic spectrum is the energy required to excite an electron in a transition metal found?

A

In the visible light part.

24
Q

What is the equation that is used to determine the energy absorbed to cause an electron to be excited?

A

ΔE = hν = hc / λ

25
Q

What factors can affect the energy required to excite an electron?

A

The type of central metal ion and its oxidation state.

The ligands bonded to the central metal ion.

The coordination number.

26
Q

What determines the colour of a compound?

A

The energy required to excite the electrons. This wavelength of light is absorbed and so the colour of the compound will be the wavelengths of light that are not absorbed.

27
Q

What is a colorimeter used for?

A

To determine the concentration of a substance by measuring how much light it absorbs.

28
Q

What is a ligand substitution reaction?

A

Where one type of ligand is swapped for another.

29
Q

What happens when similarly sized ligands are swapped?

A

The coordination number doesn’t change and neither does the shape.

30
Q

What happens when different sized ligands are substituted?

A

There is a change in coordination number and a change of shape. There can also be an increase in entropy.

For example, six water molecules can be changed to four chloride ions.

31
Q

What is a partial ligand substitution reaction?

A

Not all of the ligands are swapped.

32
Q

What causes carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Carbon monoxide bonds to the Fe2+ ion in haemoglobin. As it forms a very strong bond, it doesn’t readily exchange with oxygen or water ligands.

33
Q

How does the stability of complex ions affect ligand substitution reactions?

A

Some ligands (especially bidentate and multidentate) form stronger bonds than others. This can affect how easy it is for a ligand substitution reaction to occur.

34
Q

What is the enthalpy change for a ligand substitution reaction?

A

It is usually very small as similar bonds are broken and made.

35
Q

How can a ligand substitution reaction cause an increase in entropy?

A

When monodentate ligands are substituted with bidentate or multidentate ligands, the number of particles increases. This causes an increase in entropy.

36
Q

What is the increase in entropy after a ligand substitution reaction called?

A

The chelate effect.

37
Q

What are the four ions of Vanadium and what are their colours?

A

VO2+ - Yellow.
VO2+ - Blue.
V3+ - Green.
V2+ - Violet.

38
Q

What can redox potentials tell you about its ability to be oxidised and reduced?

A

A higher redox potential means that it is more likely to be reduced.

A lower redox potential means that it is more likely to be oxidised.

39
Q

If an acid is present, is the redox potential likely to be higher or lower?

A

It is likely to be higher which means it is more likely to be reduced.

40
Q

If an alkali is present, is the redox potential likely to be higher or lower?

A

The redox potential will be lower which means that it is more likely to be oxidised.

41
Q

Why are transition metals good catalysts?

A

As they can change oxidation states easily, they can transfer electrons to speed up a reaction.

42
Q

What is the Contact Process used to make?

A

Sulphuric acid.

43
Q

What is the catalyst for the Contact Process?

A

Vanadium (V) Oxide (V2O5).

44
Q

Why can’t elements in other blocks of the periodic table be used as catalysts?

A

They do not have an incomplete d-sub shell which means that they do not have variable oxidation states.

45
Q

What are the two types of catalysts?

A

Heterogeneous and Homogeneous.

46
Q

What is a heterogeneous catalyst?

A

A catalyst that is in a different phase to the reactants.

47
Q

What are two reactions a heterogeneous catalyst is used for?

A

The Haber Process and the Contact Process.

48
Q

What is a support medium?

A

A structure that is used to increase the surface area of a catalyst which makes it more efficient.

49
Q

What is an example of where a support medium is used?

A

In a catalytic converter in a car.

50
Q

What is catalyst poisoning?

A

When impurities in the reactants adsorb onto the surface of the catalyst. This decreases the surface area available for reactants which slows down the rate of reaction.

51
Q

What are examples of catalyst poisoning?

A

Lead poisoning the rhodium in catalytic converters.

Sulphur poisoning the Iron in the Haber Process.

52
Q

What is a homogeneous catalyst?

A

Where the catalyst is in the same physical state as the reactants.

53
Q

How does a homogeneous catalyst work?

A

It works by forming an intermediate species. The reactants combine with the catalyst to form an intermediate species which then reacts to form the products and reform the catalyst.

54
Q

Why does the enthalpy profile for homogeneously catalysed reaction have two humps?

A

The two humps correspond to the two reactions that occur. One forming the intermediate species and the other forming the products and reforming the catalyst.

55
Q

Which reaction is an example of a homogenous catalyst?

A

Iron being used as a reaction between iodide ions and peroxodisulphate ions.

56
Q

What is autocatalysis?

A

When a product of a reaction is also a catalyst for the reaction.

A Level Chemistry (24 decks)

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