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A-level Chemistry > Organic Skills > Flashcards

Organic Skills Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a homologous series?

A

Is a series of compounds that have different number of of carbon atoms but have the same functional group

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2
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristics of the reactions for a compound

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3
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

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4
Q

What is a hydro carbon?

A

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

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5
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

It’s a group of compounds with the formula Cn H 2n+1

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6
Q

What is meant by the term aliphatic?

A

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in a straight chain, branched chain or non- aromatic rings

(Doesn’t contain a benzene ring)

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7
Q

What is meant by the term aromatic?

A

A compound containing a benzene ring

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8
Q

What is meant by the term alicyclic?

A

It’s an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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9
Q

What does the term cyclic mean?

A

It’s when atoms are arranged in a ring

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10
Q

What does the term alicyclic mean?

A

It’s just means aliphatic rings

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11
Q

Define the term unsaturated?

A

It’s compounds that contain double carbon to carbon bonds, benzene rings or if if it’s aromatic

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12
Q

What is the functional groups for alkenes?

A

The double carbon to carbon bond

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13
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

Hydroxyl group- C-O-H

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14
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acid ?

A

O
||
C- O- H = carboxylic group

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15
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

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16
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

Cn H2n+1 COOH

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17
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

It’s a formula what gives us minimal detail about the arrangement of atoms in the compound

E.g: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2OH

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18
Q

What is meant by the skeletal formula?

A

Each kink/ corner represents 1 carbon

19
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

It’s naming organic compounds

20
Q

What are the rules to naming alkanes?

A

Rule 1- count the longest continuous chain to get the number of carbons

Rule 2. Count from left to right or right to left depending on which one gets you the smallest carbon which the methyl group comes off

21
Q

Where do the rules for naming organic compounds come from?

A

IUPAC= International union of pure applied chemistry

22
Q

What is the systematic name?

A

It’s the naming of compounds using rules from the IUPAC

23
Q

What are the rules to naming alkenes?

A

Rule 1- count the longest continuous chains to get the number of carbons

Rule 2. Count from either left to right or right to left to get the smallest number carbon which the double bond forms on if there’s two double bonds it = diene not ene

Rules 3. Count from either left to right or right to left to get the smallest number carbon which the Methyl group comes off

Number
Which methyl- where double- ene
Group comes bond starts
Off

E.g: pent-1- ene

24
Q

What are the rules for naming alcohols?

A

Rule 1. Contain the continuous chain to get the number of carbons e.g 5 carbons= pen then add tan

Rule 2. Count left to right or opposite way to see which carbon the OH group comes off e.g came of carbon 1

= pentan-1-ol

25
Q

What are the suffix (end) for alcohols?

A

Ol

26
Q

What are the prefix (start) for alcohols?

A

= hydrox

27
Q

What are the rules if an alcohol contain different functional groups?

A

Rule 1. Contain the continuous chain to get the number of carbons e.g 5 carbons= pen then add tan

Rule 2. Count left to right or opposite way to see which carbon the OH group comes off e.g came of carbon 1

Rule 3. If it contains a different functional you have to see which functional group has priority (either alcohol or other one)

If alcohol is more important use suffix

If alcohol is less important use prefix

28
Q

What is a halakane?

A

These are alkanes containing one or more halogens

29
Q

What are the prefix (start) for halogenoalkanes?

A

Halo, but it’s shortened to “o” e.g: (fluro, chloro, bromo, iodo)

30
Q

What are the rules for naming halogenoalkanes?

A
  1. Count the longest continuous chain to get the number of carbons
  2. Then count either left to right or right to left to get the smallest number carbon which the halogen comes off, put omo on the end of the halogen name e.g: bromo
  3. Then get the carbon number which the methyl or other group comes off
  4. Then to get the name you have to do which one is first in the alphabet
31
Q

What is the functional group for aldehyde?

A

O
//
—C Or CHO
\
H

32
Q

What is the prefix for aldehydes?

A

= al

33
Q

What is the functional group for ketones?

A

O
||
C- C- C = -C(CO)C

34
Q

What is the suffix for ketones

A

One

35
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

O
//
- C
\
O- C = COOC

36
Q

What is the prefix for esters?

A

Oate

37
Q

What is a radical?

A

It’s an atom or compound with an unpaired electron?

38
Q

What is Homolytic fission?

A

Homolytic fission is the breaking of a bond leading to the formation of radical

39
Q

What charge does a oxygen with 3 bonds have?

A

1+ charge

40
Q

What charge does a nitrogen with 4 bonds have?

A

Has a 1+ bond

41
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron donor (attracted to positive charge)

42
Q

What is a electrophile?

A

An electron acceptor (species attracted to negative charge)

43
Q

What is Hetrolytic fission?

A

Breaking of a bond forming a positive cation and a negative anion

A-level Chemistry (19 decks)

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