Organic reactions, reagents and conditions

Question 1

alkane to halogenoalkane
mechanism name, reagents, conditions

Answer 1

free radical substitution
Reagent: X2(g)
conditions: UV light

Question 2

alkane to alkene
process name and conditions for each type

Answer 2

cracking
thermal: very high temperature and very high pressure
catalytic: zeolite catalyst, moderate temperature and pressure

Question 3

alkene to alkane
mechanism name, reagent and conditions

Answer 3

electrophillic addition
reagent: H2
conditions: nickel catalyst

Question 4

alkene to polyalkene process name

Answer 4

addition polymerisation

Question 5

alkene to halogenoalkane mechanism name and reagent

Answer 5

electrophillic addition
reagent: HX or X2 (for a dihalogenoalkane)

Question 6

alkene to alcohol mechanism name, reagent and conditions

Answer 6

electrophillic addition
reagent: H2O as steam
conditions: concentrated H3PO4 catalyst and room temperature

Question 7

halogenoalkane to amine mechanism name, reagent and conditions

Answer 7

nucleophillic substitution
reagent: conc NH3
conditions: excess NH3, heat under reflux, ethanolic solvent

Question 8

halogenoalkane to nitrile mechanism name, reagent and conditions

Answer 8

nucleophillic substitution
reagent: KCN
condition: warm ethanolic solvent + heat under reflux

Question 9

halogenoalkane to alcohol mechanism name, reagents, conditions

Answer 9

nucleophillic substitution
reagent: NaOH or KOH
conditions: heat under reflux and aqueous solvent

Question 10

halogenoalkane to alkene mechanism name, reagents and conditions

Answer 10

elimination
reagents: KOH or NaOH
conditions: heat under reflux, ethanolic solvent, anhydrous environment

Question 11

alcohol to alkene mechanism name and conditions

Answer 11

elimination
conditions: hot, concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst and reflux

Question 12

alcohol to ester reaction name, reagents and conditions

Answer 12

esterification/condensation

reagent: carboxylic acid
conditions: heat under reflux with strong acid catalyst

Question 13

alcohol to polyester reaction name, reagent

Answer 13

condensation
reagents: diol and dicarboxylic acid

Question 14

primary alcohol to aldehyde reaction name, reagents and conditions

Answer 14

oxidation
reagents: acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat and distill product

Question 15

Secondary alcohol to ketone reaction name, reagents and conditions

Answer 15

oxidation
reagent: acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat under reflux

Question 16

ketone to secondary alcohol mechanism name, reagent and conditions

Answer 16

nucleophillic addition (reduction)
reagent: NaBH4
conditions: aqueous

Question 17

aldehyde to primary alcohol mechanism name, reagent and conditions

Answer 17

nucleophillic addition (reduction)
reagent: NaBH4
conditions: aqueous

Question 18

aldehyde/ketone to hydroxynitrile mechanism name, reagent and conditions

Answer 18

nucleophillic addition
reagent: KCN
conditions: HCl catalyst

Question 19

aldehyde to carboxylic acid reaction name, reagent, conditions

Answer 19

oxidation
reagent: acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat under reflux

Question 20

carboxylic acid to polyester reaction name and reagents

Answer 20

condensation
reagents: diol and dicarboxylic acid

Question 21

carboxylic acid to polyamide reaction name and reagents

Answer 21

condensation
reagents. diamine and dicarboxylic acid

Question 22

carboxylic acid to ester reaction names, reagents and conditions

Answer 22

esterification or condensation
reagents: alcohol
conditions: heat under reflux with strong acid catalyst

Question 23

ester to carboxylic acid reaction name, reagents and conditions

Answer 23

hydrolysis
reagent: water
conditions: acid catalyst

Question 24

ester to carboxylic salt reaction name, reagents and conditions

Answer 24

hydrolysis
reagent: OH-
conditions: warm, aqueous

Question 25

ester to alcohol reaction names, reagents and conditions

Answer 25

hydrolysis reagent: H2O conditions: acidic or alkaline

Question 26

nitrile to primary amine both ways reaction names mechanism name reagents conditions

Answer 26

hydrogenation electrophillic addition reagent: H2 conditions: Nickel catalyst reduction nucleophillic addition reagent: LiAlH4 conditions: in ether (ethoxyethane)

Question 27

amine to polyamide reaction name and reagents

Answer 27

condensation dicarboxylic acid and diamine

Question 28

amine to N substituted amide mechanism name, reagents and conditions

Answer 28

Nucleophillic addition elimination reagent: acid anhydride or acyl chloride conditions: anhydrous

Question 29

acid anhydride or acyl chloride to primary amide mechanism name, reagent and conditions

Answer 29

nucleophillic addition elimination reagent: NH3 conditions: low temp, excess NH3

Question 30

acid anhydride or acyl chloride to ester mechanism name, reagents and conditions

Answer 30

nucleophillic addition elimination reagent: alcohol conditions: heat under reflux, anhydrous

Question 31

acid anhydride or acyl chloride to carboxylic acid mechanism name, reagents

Answer 31

nucleophillic addition elimination (acylation) reagent: H2O

Question 32

benzene to phenyl ketone mechanism name, reagents and conditions

Answer 32

electrophillic substitution reagent: acyl chloride conditions: AlCl3 catalyst

Question 33

benzene to nitrobenzene mechanism name, reagents and conditions

Answer 33

electrophillic substitution reagent: concentrated HNO3 conditions: concentrated H2SO4 catalyst, 55°C

Question 34

nitrobenzene to phenylamine reaction name, reagents and conditions

Answer 34

reduction Concentrated HCl Tin catalyst

Question 35

Alcohol to carboxylic acid reaction type, reagents and conditions

Answer 35

Oxidation reagents: acidified potassium dichromate and primary alcohol conditions: heat under reflux, XS acidified potassium dichromate