Organic reactions and reaction pathways

Question 1

Alkane reaction - oxidation (combustion)

Answer 1

Alkane + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 2

Alkane reaction - substitution

Answer 2

alkane + halogen – (Uv light present)–> haloalkane + hydrogen halide

Question 3

Haloalkane reaction - substitution (with halogen)

Answer 3

Haloalkane + halogen– (Uv light present)–> dihaloalkane + hydrogen halide

Question 4

Haloalkane reaction - substitution (with more reactive halide)

Answer 4

Haloalkane + sodium halide –(ethanol)–> Haloalkane + sodium halide

Question 5

Haloalkane reaction - substitution (with potassium cynaide)

Answer 5

Haloalkane + potassium cyanide –(heat, ethanol, reflux)–> nitrile + potassium halide

Question 6

Haloalkane reaction - substation (with ammonia)

Answer 6

Haloalkane +ammonia –(heat, ethanol)–> amine + hydrogen halide

Question 7

Haloalkane reaction - substation (with dilute sodium hydroxide)

Answer 7

Haloalkane + sodium hydroxide –> alcohol + sodium halide

Question 8

Haloalkane reaction - Elimination (with concentrated sodium hydroxide)

Answer 8

Haloalkane + sodium hydroxide –(heat)–> alkene + sodium halide + water

Question 9

Zaitsev’s rule

Answer 9

“poor gets poorer” - the product formed the most is the one where the carbon that loses a hydrogen has the least number of hydrogens to begin with

Question 10

Alkene reaction - addition (halogenation)

Answer 10

alkene + halogen –> hihaloaklane

Question 11

Alkene reaction - addition (hydrohalogenation)

Answer 11

Alkene + hydrogen halide –> haloalkane

Question 12

Markovnikov’s Rule

Answer 12

“Rich get richer” - the product formed the most is the one where the hydrogen atom attaches to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms.

Question 13

Alkene reaction - oxidation (combustion)

Answer 13

Alkene + oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 14

Alkene reaction - addition (hydration)

Answer 14

alkene + water –(H3PO4, heat)–> alcohol

Question 15

Alkene reaction - reduction (hydrogenation)

Answer 15

Alkene + hydrogen –(Ni, heat)–> alkane

Question 16

Alkene reaction - addition (polymerisation)

Answer 16

alkene + alkene + alkene… –(catalyst, pressure, heat–> polyalkene

Question 17

Alcohol reaction - oxidation (combustion)

Answer 17

alcohol + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 18

Alcohol reaction - oxidation

Answer 18

1˚ alcohol + oxidising agent –(H+, Cr2O7^2-)–> aldehyde
aldehyde + oxidising agent –(H+, Cr2O7^2-)–> carboxylic acid
2˚ alcohol + oxidising agent –(H+, Cr2O7^2-)–> ketone
3˚ alcohol + oxidising agent –(H+, Cr2O7^2-)–> NR

Question 19

Alcohol reaction (esterification)

Answer 19

Alcohol + carboxylic acid <–(H+, heat)–> ester + water

Question 20

Carboxylic acid reaction - condensation (esterification)

Answer 20

alcohol + carboxylic acid <–(H+, heat)–> ester + water

Question 21

Carboxylic acid reaction - condensation

Answer 21

carboxylic acid + amine –(heat)–> amide + H2O

Question 22

Acid reactions

Answer 22

Acid + base –> salt + water
Acid + carbonate –> salt + water + carbon dioxide
Acid + metal –> salt + hydrogen

Question 23

Nitrile reaction - condensation

Answer 23

nitrile + hydrogen –(Ni/Pt, heat)–> amine

Question 24

amine reaction - condensation

Answer 24

carboxylic acid + amine –(heat)–> amide + water

Question 25

amine reaction (behaving as an acid)

Answer 25

amine + base –> salt + water